艾，石，高，金，李，张， 赵 Origin Legends of the Kaifeng JewsBy Jim R. McClanahan. The 1489 stone cites the Song Dynasty (10th-13th c. CE), the 1512 stone cites the Han Dynasty (2nd c. BCE-2nd c. CE), and the 1663 (side A) stone cites the Zhou Dynasty (11th-3rd c. BCE). Well, it turns out that there are two oral traditions separate from the stones that give reasons for why they came to China. The first comes from the 17th century and the second comes from the 20th century. Both contain anachronistic and fictional material that renders them useless as sources for serious scholarly research on the subject. Nevertheless, they serve as interesting examples of how a group of disenfranchised people will try to “reconstruct” a forgotten history for themselves. As the old Sioux Indian saying goes: “A people without history is like wind on the buffalo grass.” [1]The famous Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) first learned about the ancient Jewish community of Kaifeng when a Jew named Ai Tian (艾田) contacted him in 1605. Matteo recorded in his diary that Ai had told him "they [the community] had preserved the tradition that many Moors, Christians and Jews had come with the King Tamerlane, when he conquered Persia and also China 800 years ago.” [2] Eight hundred years prior would have put the Jews’ arrival during the middle of the Tang Dynasty (618-907). The only problem is King Tamerlane, a.k.a. Timur (1336-1405), the conqueror of Central Asia and ancestor of the Moghul rulers of India, [3] lived during the early Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and died just 200 years prior to Ai and Ricci’s meeting. Additionally, he never conquered China at all. Tamerlane originally became upset when Ming Emperor Hongwu (洪武, 1328-1398) sent him a letter describing him as a vassal in 1397. He didn’t start amassing forces for an offensive against China until 1404, during the rule of the Yongle Emperor (永樂], 1360-1424). Fortunately, Tamerlane died of an illness in 1405 in the Central Asian town of Otrar before ever reaching China. [4] He originally intended on converting all of China to Islam, [5] so the legend of him conquering the land may have been spawned by wishful thinking Muslims living in the Middle Kingdom. Something about this legend must have appealed to later Jews for two of the three main inscriptions were erected over 100 years after the death of Tamerlane, but yet Ai Tian chose to relay this legend to Ricci as opposed to what was written in stone and prominently displayed outside of his community’s synagogue.The second legend was recorded by Wang Yisha, Emeritus Curator of the Kaifeng Museum, in his book Spring and Autumn of the Chinese Jews (1993). [6] It is quite developed with plenty of dialogue between numerous characters, giving the impression that it was either told and built upon for generations, or someone with some literary skills just created it from scratch. The story tells of how the Jews flee the Mediterranean city of Bodrum, Turkey to escape the wrath of the Crusaders during the late 11th century. They choose to travel to China because the community’s merchants had heard of the Chinese hospitality toward foreigners. Five hundred families of Jews then pack up their belongings and travel by foot, donkey, and camel across the Silk Road. While in the Gobi Desert of northern China, a doctor among them named Ibn Daud uses his skills to cure an ailing Chinese widower named Zhang, who was traveling back to Henan province from the Uighur territories with his son. He agrees to show them the way, but both Zhang and Ibn Daud drown during a tumultuous river crossing, leaving their respective children orphans. The community adopts the Chinese teenager, and it is mentioned in passing that the Emperor of China later marries young Zhang to Ibn Daud’s daughter. The large caravan eventually makes it to Shanxi province and finds the beautiful scenery and welcoming environment suitable to their tastes. However, after a debate between elders underneath a locust tree, it is decided that they should continue on to Kaifeng because only the prosperous capital would be able to support such a large group. The religious leader Levi volunteers, along with six others, to go in advance of the community with a tribute of colored cotton, cotton seeds, and other types of textiles for the Chinese emperor. Upon reaching Kaifeng, the envoy is surprised when the emperor holds a huge banquet in their honor. Since he can’t understand their foreign names, the emperor bestows upon the seven Jews the seven Chinese surnames of Zhao (趙), Li (李), Ai (艾), Zhang (張), Gao (高), Jin (金), and Shi (石). [7] He also issues a decree allowing them to settle in Kaifeng and to continue practicing the traditions of their forefathers. The group travels back to Shanxi to pass on the good news. The entire caravan continues onto the capital where they begin their new lives. [8]seven Jews the seven Chinese surnames of Zhao (趙), Li (李), Ai (艾), Zhang (張), Gao (高), Jin (金), and Shi (石). They were Li [李], An [俺], Ai [艾], Gao [高], Mu [穆], Zhao [趙], Jin [金], Zhou [周], Zhang [張], Shi [石], Huang [黄], Li [李], Nie [聶], Jin [金], Zhang [張], Zuo [左], Bai [白]—in all, seventy or more clans. Bringing tribute of Western cloth, they entered (the court of) Song, and the Emperor said: “you have come to our China; reverence and preserve the customs of your ancestors, and hand them down at Bianliang (汴梁, Kaifeng).” [11]The inscription only lists 14 surnames with 3 duplicates, so 70 (七十) is taken to be a scribal mistake for 17 (十七). [12] This has led to past miscalculations in the community’s original size. [13] The 70 clans are cast as being fully sinicized with Chinese surnames upon their arrival in China. But prior researchers have noted it is far more likely the community took on Chinese surnames during the Yuan or early Ming period after having begun the assimilation process into Chinese society. [14] The bestowing of the seven surnames is a play on a 17th century tragedy. A great man-made flood destroyed the city of Kaifeng in 1642, killing hundreds of thousands of the inhabitants. [15] Only 200-250 Jewish families comprising the seven Zhao, Li, Ai, Zhang, Gao, Jin, and Shi clans survived the deluge. [16] Therefore, this portion of the legend is just an idealized combination of this sad event and the tribute mission from the 1489 stone. The mention of 500 families from earlier in the story actually comes from the unofficial 1679 stone. [17
艾 Eh ;
，石 Suhk
，高Goe，金Kim，李Lee，张Jahng， 赵 Joe
尸 (hangeul 시, A Hangul syllabic block made up of ㅅ and ㅣ.
Etymology 2
Suffix
시 (si)(the honorific suffix for verbs and adjectives); honorably, rightly, justlyThe current meaning of 尸 as a Simplified Chinese character is an extension of its old meaning:idle.
Han character
See images ofRadical 44 尸尸 (radical 44 尸+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 尸 (S), four-corner 77207)corpseto impersonate the deadto preside尸竹Eumhun:Sound (hangeul): 죽 (revised: juk, McCune-Reischauer: chuk, Yale: cwuk)Name (hangeul): 대()竹 (radical 118 竹+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 竹 (H), four-corner 88220)bamboo竹樛 (pinyin jiū (jiu1),Chinese Radical index: 木Edit
Category: TreeJapanese name of 木: きへん (kihen)Korean name of 木: 목변 (mokbyeon)樛 (hangeul 규, 경부 (京釜, Gyeongbu)A Hangul syllabic block made up of ㄱ, ㅕ, and ㅇ.
Etymology 2
Pronoun
경 (gyeong, hanja 卿)In the Joseon Dynasty (14th-19th centuries), the term used by the king to refer to any official above the second rank.
Etymology 3
Suffix
경 (gyeong, hanja 頃)around a certain time5시경, taseot-si gyeong, "around five o'clock"
Syllable
경 (gyeong)A Hangul syllabic block made up of ㄱ, ㅕ, and ㅇ.冋 (hangeul 경, r冋 (radical 13 冂+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 月口 (BR), composition ⿵冂口)a deserta border(alternate of 坰) space, wasteland, frontiersHanja
口Eumhun:Sound (hangeul): 구 (revised: gu, McCune-Reischauer: ku)Name (hangeul): 입 (revised: ip, McCune-Reischauer: ip)
Compounds
口訣 (구결, gugyeol)口 (radical 30 口+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 口 (R), four-corner 60000)mouthopen endentrance, gateHan character
See images ofRadical 8 亠亠 (radical 8 亠+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 戈一 (IM), X戈一 (XIM))head亠 (hangeul 두,高 (radical 189 高+0, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜口月口 (YRBR), four-corner00227, composition ⿳亠口冋)high, talllofty, elevated
Hangul syllabic block made up of ㅈ, ㅏ, and ㅇ.장 (jang)張: sheet (of paper)長: head (of an organization), chief (mostly in compound words장 (chang, jang, cang)張: a Korean surname張 (hangeul 장, 张 (traditional 張, pinyin zhāng张 (radical 57 弓+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 弓心人 (NPO), composition ⿰弓长)stretch, extend, expandsheetA surname, listed #24 of the BaijiaxingMeasure word for flat things such as pictures and pieces of paper张
趙 (*djiɛ̀u)趙 (hangeul 조赵 (traditional 趙, pinyin Zhào (a surname, listed first of the Baijiaxing & the family name of the Song emperorsan ancient city-state, now Hongdong County in Shanxia later and larger state during the Warring States period of Chinese history
Synonyms
The Warring State:赵国趙國赵 (radical 156 走+2, 9 strokes, cangjie input 土人大 (GOK))赵
阿摩羅阿摩罗ā mó luó10−23(Ancient Chinese, from Sanskrit अमल amalaHanja
右Eumhun:Sound (hangeul): 우 (revised: u, McCune-Reischauer: u)Name (hangeul): 오른쪽()右 is from the combination of the phonetic element 又, semantically a protecting right arm, and口, which here merely signifies an object. The right hand is traditionally the one used inprotecting an object while carrying it.右 (radical 30 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 大口 (KR), four-corner 40600, composition ⿸𠂇口)right (direction)westright-wing
艾History of JiangxiTwo settlements are known of at this time: Ai (艾), and Po (番, later 潘).Ài (艾) |Administrative divisions: Sŏae-dong | 서애동 | 西 | 艾 | 洞 | Sŏkch'ŏn-dong | 석천동 | 石 | 川 | 洞 |The word moxibustion comes from Japanese | 艾 | mogusa | mugwort애 | 艾 | Ae | Ae | Ay, Ai艾 ài | E.
艾，石，高，金，李，张， 赵
http://rdupont.org/genealogie/fiches/fiche143.html
DAIGNEAULT Michel-Philippe
Elisabeth-Ursule Cloutier
Marie Salomée Morneau
Euphrosine Gaudreau
Marie Geneviève Thibault
CLOUTIER Lydia
THIBAULT François
BOISSONNEAULT Isabelle
BOISSONNEAULT Nicolas
BOISSONNEAULT Françoise dite ANNE-FRANÇOISE
DAIGNEAULT Michel-Philippe
Anonyme Boissonneault dit St-Onge.
28 PROULX {BOISSONNEAULT} Lenoire f 27 married wife linked as maiden name BOISSONNEAULT Lenoire dtr of BOISSONNEAULT Majorique and wife HUOT Josephine Leonie 18 with parents Bonfield Chisholm Boulter Ferris 1891 census district 095&1/2e family 224
PERRAULT m@ca.on.temiskaming.new_liskeard.saint_andrew's_presbyterian 1939LACARTE Raoul J.H. age 27 son of LACARTE Telesphore and PERRAULT Maryto MacDONALD Margaret G. age 21 dtr of MacDONALD William and TRIGG Isabellamarriages 1898-1947 indexed by Temiskaming Genealogy Group
BOISONEAU m@ca.on.nipissing_district.mattawa.sainte_anne_rc 1907 JODOUIN Emile son of JODOUIN Elie and GRAVEL Saladine to BOISONEAU Agnes dtr of BOISONEAU Philippe and wife PERRAULT Eleonore (married 1875) source: LDS1304814 Sainte Anne RC Mattawa!17 Apr--> Emile 5 with parents Mattawa 1881 census district 114m5 family 0229 Emile 15 with parents Mattawa 1891 census district 095&1/2b family 051 Agnes 8 with parents Mattawa and Papineau Townships 1891 census district 095&1/2c family 033
Arsenault Genealogy Acadian RootsFrench Acadian Canadian Genealogy Roots History of Arsenault Arceneaux Arseneaux Arseneault Arseneau
Boissonneau-Boissonneault-Bussineau GenealogyThe French-Canadian family Boissonneau/Boissonneault traced back 10 generations to France, 1579
Fernand Nault (stage name of Fernand-Noël Boissonneault), dancer, ballet master, choreographer and teacher: born Montreal,Canada, 27 December 1921; trained there with Maurice Lacasse-Morenoff and later abroad with Margaret Craske, Vera Volkova and Olga Preobrajenska; danced with Montreal's Les Variétés Lyriques; 1944 joined New York's Ballet Theatre (renamed American Ballet Theatre, 1957) as dancer, later ballet master and, 1960-64, co-director of the company school; returned to Montreal, 1965, as assistant, later co-artistic director of Les Grands Ballets Canadiens until 1974, then resident choreographer until 1989; named choreographer emeritus, 1990; resident guest choreographer Colorado Ballet, 1978-81, artistic director, 1981-82; created a foundation in 2003 to secure his choreographic legacy (see www.fcfn.ca); Canada Centennial Medal, 1967; Officer of the Order of Canada, 1977; Chevalier de l'ordre national du Québec, 1990; Governor General's Performing Arts Award, 2000. Survived by longtime companion Philippe Giroux, only sister Marguerite and her five children; died Montreal, 26 December 2006.
Born Fernand No?Boissonneault on Dec. 27, 1920, in Montreal, Mr. Nault studied ballet there with Maurice Morenoff and modern dance with Elizabeth Leese. In 1944 he substituted for an injured dancer d2uring a performance in Montreal by Ballet Theater; he joined the company that year in New York, becoming known as a character dancer and eventually as a respected ballet master. He directed Ballet Theater's school from 1960 to 1964 and choreographed for the company.In 1965 he accepted the invitation of Ludmilla Chiriaeff, founder of the Grands Ballets, to join her as co-artistic director and to serve as resident choreographer.He resigned as co-director in 1974 but remained as resident choreographer while serving as choreographer and ballet master at one of the company's schools. In 1990 the company named him choreographer emeritus.He is survived in Montreal by his partner, Philippe Giroux, and a sister, Monique Boissonneault.Although never considered a first-rank choreographer, Mr. Nault offered a wide range of work that attracted new audiences and could also have a spiritual dimension. For some years the Grands Ballets had encountered opposition in Quebec from some Catholic clergy who viewed theatrical dancing as sinful. Yet by 1970, Mr. Nault was able to stage his ballet to Stravinsky's ''Symphony of Psalms'' in front of the high altar within Montreal's great church St. Joseph's Oratory.Born Fernand Noel Boissonneault on Dec. 27, 1920, in Montreal, Mr. Naultstudied ballet
Boissonneault
Lee or Li or ly are English transliterations of לי, a Hebrew name meaning "for me" or "to me". When used as a given name, Lee is a term of endearment.[4]"Lee" may used in conjunction with other words to form a more elaborate name with a more specific meaning. It can be added as a prefix or a suffix. Examples:Adding as a suffix to "Shir" ( שיר ) will form "Shirly" which means "a song for me".Adding as a suffix to "Or" ( אור ) will form "Orly" which means "a light for me" and is usually feminine.Adding as a prefix to "Or" will form "Lior" which also means "a light for me", but is not gender-specific.
金 (Jin) or Kim or GHEEM.
Mythology
Jin is an ancient surname, dating back over 4,000 years. It was first mentioned during the period ruled by the Yellow Emperor, a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero, who is considered in Chinese mythology to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese. The legend behind the Jin surname is as follows:The Yellow Emperor's son, Yi Zhi (Shaohao), eventually succeeded him. On the same day he was installed as leader, a golden phoenix flew down and perched on top of a house exactly opposite of where he sat. His followers reckoned it was an auspicious beginning. They decided to use gold as the emblem of their tribe. Yi Zhi was retitled Jin Tian Shi ("golden skies") by his people, and headed the Jin Tian Tribe. Their settlement was located in Qufu (presently Qufu city in Shandong province). Yi Zhi died in 2515 BCE. Some of his descendants adopted Jin as their surnames and left off the words Tian Shi ("skies").[2]The surname also appeared in an area called Pengcheng (now known as Tong Shan Xian) during the Han Dynasty, from 206BCE to 220BCE.
Origin of Surname Jin (金)
Jin Wang Sun(金王孫) was the first husband of Empress Wang Zhi during the Han Dynasty.Jin Mi Di (金日磾) was with the Xiongnu people during the Han Dynasty and received the surname Jin(金) from Han Wu Di. His father, Xiutu (休屠) was a general-feudal lord during theXiongnu Dynasty. Jin Xuan (金旋) and Jin Yi (金禕) were some of his descendants.Qiang people use the surnames Jin (金), Chang (羌), Gong (功), and Ju-Goo (俱).Some of Qian Liu's (錢鏐) descendents received the surname Jin(金).[citation needed]Jin was among the surnames granted to the Kaifeng Jews by an unnamed Song Dynastyemperor.During the Yuan Dynasty, Chinese Liu (劉) clan received the surname Jin (金), Jin Fu Xiang (金覆祥).Mongolian Ye(也) clan got surname Jin (金) at Ming DynastyTaiwanese aborigines received surname Jin (金), Zhang, amongst others, during the Qing Dynasty.Aisin Gioro clan got the surname Jin (金), as "Aisin" means "gold" in Manchu language, following the fall of the Qing Dynasty.Jin uses the same character as the Korean surname, "Kim". Kim is Korea's most common surname and is also widely found amongst the ethnic Koreans in China.[citation needed]JinFamily nameMeaninggoldJin (金),
金-Surname
From Mandarin 李 (“plum”).
Pronunciation
(North Korea) IPA(key): [ɾiː](South Korea) IPA(key): [iː]
Hanja
李Eumhun:Sound (hangeul): (NK) 리, (SK) 이 (revised: Lee, (NK) ri, Rhee, (SK) i, I, McCune-Reischauer: (NK) ri, (SK) i, Yi, Yale: (NK) li, (SK) i)Name (hangeul): 자두(Jadu)()(North Korea) 리, (South Korea) 이: the second most common surname in Korea(North Korea) 리, (South Korea) 이: plumFrom 木 ‘tree’ + 子 ‘children’, because of the plum tree's prolific breeding or because it was popular with children.
Han character
李 (radical 75 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木弓木 (DND), four-corner 40407, composition ⿱木子)plum treethe fruit of the plumjudgea surname, listed fourth in the Baijiaxing李
高 takaiHangul:높을 nopeulSino-Korean:고
goe 高 (U+9AD8) "tall"
石 (U+77F3) "stone"Hangul:돌 dolSino-Korean:석 suhk.
艾 (hangeul 애, revised ae, McCune-Reischauer ae, Yale ay)(쑥) moxa, mugwortEtymology
Blend of moxa (“mugwort”) and combustion (“burning”), literally “burning of mugwort”. Interconsonantal -a- changed to -i- for ease of pronunciation.moxibustion (countable and uncountable, plural moxibustions)(folk medicine) The burning of moxa against the skin to treat pain or illness.艾 (radical 140 艸+2, 8 strokes, cangjie input 廿大 (TK), X廿大 (XTK), four-corner 44400,composition ⿱艹乂)artemisia, mugwortused in transliterationa Chinese surname
Kaifeng 开封 Ancient city in HenanZhang Qian 张骞 Han dynasty explorer who journeyed west in the 2nd century BCBianliang 汴梁 Ancient name of the the city of KaifengZhengzhou 郑州 Ancient city in Henan, just west of KaifengShaanxi 陕西 Ancient city in Shaanxi, just west of Wein"anQuanzhou 泉州 Ancient port city in Fujian.
Ai, Shi, Gao, Jin, Li, Zhang, Zhao 艾，石，高，金，李，张， 赵 The seven surnames granted to the Jews of Kaifeng by the Ming emperor.Ai Tian 艾田 Chinese Jew from Kaifeng who met Matteo Ricci in 1605Li Madou 利玛窦 Matteo RicciHui 回 The Muslim race in ChinaAi, Shi, Gao, Jin, Li, Zhang, Zhao 艾，石，高，金，李，张， 赵 The seven surnames granted to the Jews of Kaifeng by the Ming emperor.Ai Tian 艾田 Chinese Jew from Kaifeng who met Matteo Ricci in 1605
It is not clear when exactly the first Jews came to China or when the Jewish community in Kaifeng was formed. In the prophecy of the redemption in the book of Isaiah it states: "See, they will come from afar – some from the north, some from the west, some from the region of Sinim (Chinese)" (Isaiah, 49:12); but biblical scholars agree that the verse does not speak of China per se. Some claim that the Jews of Kaifeng are descendents of the Ten Lost Tribes. Others theorize that they came to China in the second century following the downfall of the Jews in the Bar Kokhva revolt (132-135CE).Most of the researchers, as well as the Kaifeng descendents themselves, tend to suggest that the original Jews in China were merchants from Persia that came by way of the Silk Route (in today's southern Turkey) to the city of Xian in central China.Historical references and archaeological findings have proven that the Persian Jews first arrive in China in the eighth century; and since the long, arduous journey made family life difficult, the solution was to establish a permanent base in China. The location of choice was Kaifeng – China's capital from 927BCE to 1127CE.A stone tablet dating back to the 1489 Kaifeng synagogue – which is now in the city museum – in inscribed with the following: "According to the commandment of their god, the Jews came from Tian-Sho (Chinese for both "India" and "every state to the west of China") with woven materials from the west in their hands, meant as a gift for the emperor."The last emperor, according to the tablet, said "welcome to our country; dwell here and keep the customs of your ancestors".The emperor's warm welcome provided them with automatic Chinese citizenship, not a trifle feat at a time the Jewish communities in Europe and the Muslim countries were suffering persecution. It is believed that one of the reasons for this show of tolerance was that the Chinese of the time did not have a "religion" in the sense of any of the three monotheistic faiths: The common practices of faith based on the teachings of Chinese philosopher Confucius, were an array of ethical and behavioral codes more than the belief of religious ordinances commanded by a higher power.Kaifeng's Jews found it easy to adhere to Confucianism since it doesn't require the recognition of a new Messiah or prophet and there was no need to give up on the rules of keeping kosher or observing the holidays.The ancient stone tablet also states that one of the emperors from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) bestowed "the gift of incense" upon the Jewish community. It was given to the Jewish doctor Yung-Ching who appears to have been his personal physician. This indicates that Kaifeng's Jews used Chinese names rather than Hebrew names, and incorporated a Chinese ceremony into their religious rituals – the lighting of incense.When Mao Zedong took over China in 1949, his regime faced several dilemmas pertaining to national minorities, as 20% of China was not dominated by the Han – the largest national group. In 1953 the new regime decided to recognize 55 national minorities but the Youtai – the Jews – were not one of them. Mao was rumored to have made the decision personally.By that time, the majority of Jews living in Harbin and Shanghai had already left China and the move was undoubtedly prompted by this decision; but the scholars believe that the decision had nothing to do with anti-Semitism since China has never, to this day, demonstrated any signs of anti-Semitism.Jews enjoy a very positive image in China. The decision not to recognize them is believed to have stemmed from sheer math – they community was simply too small – a few hundred in a country of a billion people.In the 1980's, as China started moving toward a free-market economy and opened up to the West, Jews from Canada and the US came to Kaifeng and met with the old community's descendants in the city. These visits strengthened the Jewish awareness of the descendants.In the last several years, Shavei Israel has been the main Jewish organization that has been actively involved with the Kaifeng's Jewish descendants. Michael Freund, an American Jew who made aliyah 13 years ago and now heads Shavei Israel, said, "Since establishing contact with the Jews of Kaifeng, we have translated numerous books and articles for them, and have provided them with basic materials on Judaism and on Israel. Even more importantly, we have already assisted 10 young adults from the community to make aliyah and get settled here in the country".While many of the descendants are interested in a much more intensive connection with Jewish tradition, only a small group is interested in immigrating to Israel and converting.The Chinese authorities have yet to voice any objection to Shavei Israel's activities in Kaifeng. Freund sees that as a sign: "If some of Kaifeng's Jews decide to reclaim their Jewish heritage – as I believe they will – it would make for some very important and historical closure."
金尼閣Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628) was a Flemish Jesuit, Korean Kim-Knee-Gahk.Crimean TatarEdit
Pronoun
kimwho, whomFrom Proto-Slavic *kъto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷid, (cf. *kʷis).
Pronoun
ktowho?From Old Turkic kim, from Proto-Turkic.
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /cim/
Pronoun
kimwhokimmetalneedle, hand (of a clock)KimA male given name derived from Joachim.Biblical Jehoiachim (2 Kings 24), Hebrew "may Yahweh raise".
Pronunciation
(US) IPA(key): /ˈdʒoʊ.ə.kɪm/(RP) IPA(key): /ˈdʒəʊ.ə.kɪm/
Proper noun
JoachimThe father of Virgin Mary in apocryphal gospels.Armenian: Հովակիմ (Hovakim)Dutch: Joachim, Jochem mFinnish: Jaakkima, AkiFrench: Joachim (fr)German: Joachim (de)Greek: Ιωακείμ (Ioakeim)Italian: Gioacchino, GioachinoNorwegian: Joakim (no)Russian: Аким (Akim), Иоахим (Ioakhim), Иоаким (Ioakim), Яким (Yakim)Serbo-Croatian:Cyrillic: Јоаким (Joakim)Latin: JoakimSwedish: Joakim (sv)
金尼閣Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628) was a Flemish Jesuit,
Korean Kim-Knee-Gahk.
니 (ni)(archaic, now suffixal) a tooth
Alternative forms
이 (i) (canonical)
Synonyms
이빨 (ippal, “tooth”) (for beasts)閣 (hangeul 각,
金尼閣Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628) was a Flemish Jesuit, and a missionary to China. He was also known by his latinised name Trigautius or Trigaultius, and his Chinese name Jīn Nígé (金尼閣).
Life and workEdit
Born in Douai (then part of the Spanish Netherlands, now part of France), he became a Jesuit in 1594. Trigault left Europe to do missionary work in Asia around 1610, eventually arriving atNanjing, China in 1611. He was later brought by the Chinese Catholic Li Zhizao to his hometown of Hangzhou where he worked as one of the first missionaries ever to reach that city and was eventually to die there in 1629.In late 1612 Trigault was appointed by the China Mission's Superior, Niccolo Longobardi as the China Mission's procurator (recruitment and PR representative) in Europe. He sailed from Macau on February 9, 1613, and arrived to Rome on October 11, 1614, by the way of India, Persian Gulf, and Egypt.[1] His tasks involved reporting on the mission's progress to Pope Paul V,[2]successfully negotiating with the Jesuit Order's General Claudio Acquaviva the independence of the China Mission from the Japan Misson, and traveling around Europe to raise money and publicize the work of the Jesuit missions.[1] Peter Paul Rubens did a portrait of Trigault when the latter stopped there in 1617 (at right).[3]It was during this trip to Europe that Trigault edited and translated (from Italian to Latin) Matteo Ricci's "China Journal", or De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas. (He, in fact, started the work aboard the ship when sailing from Macau to India). The work was published in 1615 in Augsburg; it was later translated into many European languages and widely read.[1] The French translation, which appeared in 1616, was translated from Latin by Trigault's own nephew, David-Floris de Riquebourg-Trigault.[4]In April 1618, Trigault sailed from Lisbon with over 20 newly recruited Jesuit missionaries, and arrived in Macau in April 1619.[1] [5]Trigault produced one of the first systems of Chinese Romanisation (based mostly on Ricci's earlier work) in 1626, in his work Xiru Ermu Zi (西儒耳目資 "Aid to the Eyes and Ears of Western Literati").[6][7] Trigault wrote his book in Shanxi province.[8]Aided by a converted Chinese, he also produced the first Chinese version of Aesop's Fables (況義 "Analogy"), published in 1625.In the 1620s Trigault became involved in a dispute over the correct Chinese terminology for the Christian God and defended the use of the term Shangdi that had been prohibited in 1625 by the Jesuit Superior General Muzio Vitelleschi. Another fellow Jesuit, André Palmeiro stated that a mentally instable Trigault had become deeply depressed after failing to defend the use of the term, and had committed suicide in 1628.[9]The Spanish Netherlands (Dutch: Spaanse Nederlanden, Spanish: Países Bajos españoles) was a portion of the Low Countries controlled by Spain from 1556 to 1714, inherited from the Dukes of Burgundy. Although the territory of the Duchy of Burgundy itself remained in the hands of France, the Habsburgs remained in control of the title of Duke of Burgundy and the other parts of the Burgundian inheritance, notably the Low Countries and the Free County of Burgundy in the Holy Roman Empire. They often used the term Burgundy to refer to it (e.g. in the name of the Imperial Circle it was grouped into), until 1794, when the Austrian Netherlands were lost to the French Republic.When part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule and became the United Provinces in 1581 the remainder of the area became known as the Spanish Netherlands and remained under Spanish control. This region comprised modern Belgium, Luxembourg as well as part of northern France.The Spanish Netherlands originally consisted of:County of Flanders, including Lilloise FlandersCounty of ArtoisCity of TournaiCambrai (roughly the département Nord and the northern half of Pas-de-Calais in modern France)Duchy of LuxembourgDuchy of LimburgCounty of HainautCounty of NamurLordship of Mechelen[note 1]Duchy of Brabant, including the Margraviate of Antwerpthe Upper Quarter (Bovenkwartier) of the duchy of Guelders (around Venlo and Roermond, in the present province of Dutch Limburg, and the town of Geldern in the present German districtKleve)The capital, Brussels, was in Brabant. In the early 17th century, there was a flourishing court at Brussels, which was under the government of King Philip III's half-sister Archduchess Isabellaand her husband, Archduke Albert of Austria. Among the artists who emerged from the court of the "Archdukes", as they were known, was Peter Paul Rubens. Under the Archdukes, the Spanish Netherlands actually had formal independence from Spain, but always remained unofficially within the Spanish sphere of influence, and with Albert's death in 1621 they returned to formal Spanish control, although the childless Isabella remained on as Governor until her death in 1633.The failing wars intended to regain the 'heretical' northern Netherlands meant significant loss of (still mainly Catholic) territories in the north, which was consolidated in 1648 in the Peace of Westphalia, and given the peculiar, inferior status of Generality Lands (jointly ruled by the United Republic, not admitted as member provinces): Zeeuws-Vlaanderen (south of the river Scheldt), the present Dutch province of Noord-Brabant and Maastricht (in the present Dutch province of Limburg).As Spanish power waned in the latter decades of the 17th century, the territory of the Spanish Netherlands was repeatedly invaded by the French and an increasing portion of the territory came under French control in successive wars. By the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659 the French annexed Artois and Cambrai, and Dunkirk was ceded to the English. By the Treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle (ending the War of Devolution in 1668) and Nijmegen (ending the Franco-Dutch War in 1678), further territory up to the current Franco-Belgian border was ceded, including Lilloise Flanders (around the city of Lille), as well as half of the county of Hainaut (includingValenciennes). Later, in the War of the Reunions and the Nine Years' War, France annexed other parts of the region.CapitalMonsLanguagesFrench, Dutch, German, Walloon, PicardReligionRoman CatholicismGovernmentCountyCount of HainautThe County of Hainaut (French: Comté de Hainaut, Dutch: Graafschap Henegouwen) was a historical lordship within the medieval Holy Roman Empire, with its capital at Mons (Dutch:Bergen). In English sources it is often given the archaic spelling Hainault. The name comes from the river Haine (Dutch: Hene, German: Henne), which also led to the German name Grafschaft Hennegau for the County of Hainault.Its most important cities were Mons (Bergen), Cambrai (Dutch: Kamerijk) and Charleroi. It consisted of what is now the Belgian province of Hainaut and the southern part of the French département Nord.simpl.阁trad.閣
Etymology
Phono-semantic compound (形聲): 門 (“gate”) + 各.
Han character
閣 (radical 169 門+6, 14 strokes, cangjie input 日弓竹水口 (ANHER), four-corner 77604)chamber, pavilioncabinet
Descendants
阁閣 (hangeul 각, 門Eumhun:Sound (hangeul): 문 (revised: mun, McCune-Reischauer: mun, Yale: mwun)Name (hangeul): 문 (revised: mun, McCune-Reischauer: mun, Yale: mwun)gate, door, gateway, portal各 (hangeul 각,각 (gak, hanja 各)eachPhono-semantic compound (形聲): 門 (“gate”) + 各.
Han character
閣 (radical 169 門+6, 14 strokes, cangjie input 日弓竹水口 (ANHER), four-corner 77604)chamber, pavilioncabinet
尼 (hangeul 니, 이, 尼 (hiragana あま, romaji ama)nun尼 (radical 44 尸+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 尸心 (SP), four-corner 77211, composition ⿸尸匕)Buddhist nunAll Buddhist traditions have nuns, although their status is different among Buddhist countries. The Buddha is reported to have allowed women into the sangha only with great reluctance, predicting that the move would lead to Buddhism's collapse after 500 years, rather than the 1,000 years it would have enjoyed otherwise. (This prophecy occurs only once in the Canon and is the only prophecy involving time in the Canon, leading some to suspect that it is a late addition.)[2]Fully ordained Buddhist nuns (bhikkhunis) have more Patimokkha rules than the monks (bhikkhus). The important vows are the same, however.As with monks, there is quite a lot of variation in nuns' dress and social conventions between Buddhist cultures in Asia. Chinese nuns possess the full bhikkuni ordination, Tibetan nuns do not, and in Theravada countries female renunciates are discouraged from even wearing saffron robes. Disparities may often be observed in the amount of respect and financial resources given to monks vs. nuns, with nuns receiving less of both in all countries with the possible exception ofTaiwan. Despite barriers, some nuns succeed in becoming religious teachers and authorities.Chinese Buddhism possesses a full bhikkuni tradition. Thanks largely to the efforts of MasterCheng Yen of the Buddhist charity Tzu Chi (which utterly dominates philanthropic giving in Taiwan), Taiwan's nuns nowadays probably receive more public respect and support than monks.[citation needed]
金尼閣).金 (radical 167 金+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 金 (C), four-corner 80109)gold (Au)metal or metals generallymaterial wealth, such as money or precious gemsthe Jurchen Jin dynasty of medieval China金Eumhun:Sound (hangeul): 김, 금 (revised: gim, geum, McCune-Reischauer: kim, kŭm, Yale: kim, kum)Name (hangeul): 성, 쇠 金 (“gold”), 銀 (“silver”), 銅 (“copper”), and 鉄 (“iron”), Compound of 黄 (ku, “yellow”) + 金 (kane, “metal”). 金 (hiragana くがね, romaji kugane)(archaic) gold金 (hiragana こがね, romaji kogane)goldgold or metal currency: coins, such as 大判 (ōban) or 小判 (koban)short for 黄金色 (kogane iro, “gold”, the color)金泥 (こんでい, kondei): “golden mud”From Middle Chinese 金 (/kim/). Compare modern Mandarin 金 (jīn).金 (kim, ghim, găm)
Nicolas Trigault-Jesuit of jews
Nicolas Trigault in Chinese costume, Nicolas Trigault (1577–1628) was a Flemish Jesuit, and a missionary to China. He was also known by his latinised name Trigautius or Trigaultius, and his Chinese name Jīn Nígé (金尼閣)金尼閣
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Trigault
Huynh was born in British Columbia to parents who were ethnic Chinese refugees from northern Vietnam. Her father was born in China, but moved to Vietnam when he was three; her mother was born in Vietnam.[9][10] They settled in the town of New Hazelton, British Columbia, after being HuynhHwang is a common Korean family name. Hwang is the equivalent of the Chinese surname Huang. Hwangs make up roughly 1.5% of the Korean population; the 2000 South Korean census found 644,294 in that country. Hwang Rak is the envoy of China during the Han Dynasty. He was shipping from China to Vietnam in AD 28. But the ship had struggled against the wind and waves in the sea. In this Result, Hwang Rak had drifted the sea. Finally, He was arrived Korea during the Silla Dynasty. This place is PyeongHae-Gun(大韓民國 慶尙北道 平海郡), GyeongSang-BukDo, Korea. He is naturalized as a Silla citizen. He also becomes a progenitor of Hwang in Korea.
张
Kim Jong-suk (Hangul: 김정숙; Hanja: 金正淑), also Romanized as Kim Chŏng-suk, Gim Jeong-suk, Kim Jong Suk, Kim Jong-sook (December 14, 1919,[1] though the official biography states December 24, 1917[2] – September 22, 1949) was a Korean anti-Japanese guerrilla, a Communistactivist, North Korean leader Kim Il-sung’s first wife, former leader Kim Jong-il’s mother, and current leader Kim Jong-un's grandmother.
BiographyEdit
Kim Jong-suk was born on December 24, 1919 in Hoeryong County, North Hamgyong Province, in Chosŏn (Japanese Korea).[3] Suh Dae-sook writes that she was "the elder of two daughters of a poor farmer."[1] However, the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), states that she had a younger brother, Kim Ki-song, who was born February 9, 1921.[4]However, Kim Jong-il's official biography states he was born in a secret military camp on Baekdu Mountain (Korean: 백두산밀영고향집) in Japanese-occupied Korea on 16 February 1942.[12]Official biographers claim that his birth at Baekdu Mountain was foretold by a swallow, and heralded by the appearance of a double rainbow across the sky over the mountain and a new star in the heavens.[13] According to one comrade of Kim's mother, Lee Min, word of Kim's birth first reached an army camp in Vyatskoye via radio and that both Kim and his mother did not return there until the following year.[14][15]김경희Hancha金敬姬One source indicates Kim Il-sung had had an affair with her even before his first wife died. She gave birth to a daughter (Kim Kyong-jin, 1953) and two sons (Kim Pyong-il, 1955; Kim Yong-il, 1957). She later rose in political power, becoming vice-chairwoman of the Central Committee of the Korean Women's Association (조선여성총동맹) in the mid-1960s and chairwoman in the 1970s. She held that post until resigning in 1998; since that time, little information about her has reached the outside world.[2]There are rumors that she was killed in a car accident in Beijing in June 2001.[2] Other reports claim she is still alive as of July 2011, though in poor health, and that Kim Pyong-il returned to Pyongyang from his posting in Poland to visit her.[3]Kim Sŏng-ae (born 1928) was the second wife of the late North Korean leader, president Kim Il-sung. They became husband and wife in 1952, following the death of Kim Il-sung's first wife in 1949, although due to the Korean War no formal ceremony was held. One source indicates Kim Il-sung had had an affair with her even before his first wife died. She gave birth to a daughter (Kim Kyong-jin, 1953) and two sons (Kim Pyong-il, 1955; Kim Yong-il, 1957). She later rose in political power, becoming vice-chairwoman of the Central Committee of the Korean Women's Association (조선여성총동맹) in the mid-1960s and chairwoman in the 1970s. She held that post until resigning in 1998; since that time, little information about her has reached the outside world.[2]
The old tale of original N.Korean dictator Kim Il Sung being switched by Soviet Russians remain to be seen...Original Kim Il Sung was patriotic.
Original Kim Il Sung fought for Koreans and was reportedly wounded.
The Soviet Russians supposedly recruited and cultivated replacement of original Kim Il Sung. Kim Il Sung original person may be fluent in Russian.
Original Kim Il Sung was supposedly born in 1912 is questionable...Kim Il Sung was a figure that fought Japs...given Jap invaded Korea in 1910; though japs made earlier attacks on Koreans before 1910...Then the reported birth year of 1912 does not seem right...
But if the original Kim Il Sung was indeed born in 1912; his first wife was seven years younger...Kim Il Sung's first born child was born in Feb 1941; but then wedding was in 1941 without mention of date in 1941.
Kim il Sung's first wife gives birth to a son in Feb1941 ( given unknown date of marriage in 1941); there is room in 1941 for a switch in Original to Soviet picked replacement of Kim Il Sung.
Kim il sung's first wife ( given this woman born in 1919 must know the originam Kim Il Sung); she gives birth to second son in Russia in 1944...three years after birth of first son...and this second born dies from drowning accident at age three in 1948- to which the Kim il sung's grieving first wife dies in 1949; the first wife of a dictator dies year after second born son dies from drowning accident at age 4...
Very hard to believe a dictator's wife dies...that a dictator's son drowns at age 4...that
Coincidental death of Kim Il Sung's second son in 1948 followed by Kim Il Sung's first wife's death at age 30 the following year in 1949 is too coincidental!
Kim Il Sung'sfirst wife born in 1919 lied about her younger sibling. She claimed a sister but it is said she had a younger brother born in Feb 1921. She is supposedly born in 1917 instead of 1919. Her younger brother's name was Kim Ki Song...very similar to Kim Il Sung....So possible soap drama in the Kim clan deepens given birth of first son says born in Russia in 1941...however, there is a report that Kim il sung's first son was born in 1942 in North Korea...point also given to the weirdness that second born son's birthdate is unknown...just as the date of his death at age4...
Possible that original Kim Il Sung was married to the said first wife in 1941...their son was the Russian born second child without known birth date...drowning in 1948...followed by death of Kim Il Sung's first wife in 1949...1949 is when imposter Kim Sung picked by Soviets tske office....note that the first born in 1941 was instead born in 1942 to a 14 year old mistress who would become Kim Il Sung's sevond wife...Note that Kim Il Sung imposter looks alike to the first wife who died in 1949...theory that Kim il sung imposter really is Kim il sung's first wife's younger brother!!!! Kim il sung imposter took office after death of Original Kim il sung's first wife...given his own sister died, imposter replaces his sister's husband ...
Kim il sung is tall...and Kim Il Sung's replacement is a short son who does not look like the imposter Kim Il sung...Imposter Kim il sung that took office in 1949; following 1948 desth of unknown birthdate of second born in Rusdia dying in North Korea- the 1949 death of first wife who could be imposter Kim il sung's older sister who was really married to original Kim il sung!!!
The well documentation of North Korean successor following death of imposter Kim Il Sung...the shorter snd not at all resembling the tall imposter Kim il sung....
1949 is in fact the year that soviet picked imposter Kim il sung took power...Original Kim Il Sung's Rusdian born son as well as original kim il sung's wife died...Imposter Kim il sung had a son born in 1942 but publically states birth as 1941...The second wife might be the mistress that gave birth to the second dictator of N.Korea at age 14'
Further power envy plagues N. Korean dictator's famiky...where birth are fabricated....
hUnited States and Korea
President Woodrow Wilson issued his Fourteen Points in January 1919. The points included… in terms of US relations with Korea, ‘a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims.’ [4]However, as manifested at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Wilson was not interested in challenging global power relations. Since Japan was one of the victors, a discussion of the status of Korea was inappropriate. [5]In April 1919, the US State Department told the ambassador to Japan that "the consulate [in Seoul] should be extremely careful not to encourage any belief that the United States will assist the Korean nationalists in carrying out their plans and that it should not do anything which may cause Japanese authorities to suspect [the] American Government sympathizes with the Korean nationalist movement."[6]
Delegation
As Japan violently suppressed the March First Movement, and true to its word, the United States remained silent. [7] Despite this, representatives were chosen to go and represent Korea’s interests at the Paris Peace Conference. Dr. Rhee (representing Hawaii), Rev. Chan Ho Min (representing the West Coast) and Dr. Henry Han Kyung Chung (representing the Midwest) were selected but never made it to Paris due to visa problems and the fear that the delegates may not be allowed to reenter the United States. [8]A delegation of overseas Koreans, from Japan, China, and Hawaii, did make it to Paris. Included in this delegation, was a representative from the Korean Provisional Government in Shanghai,Kim Kyu-sik (김규식). [9]After considerable effort, he managed to arrange passage with members of the Chinese delegation to the peace conference, making the trip with a Chinese passport and under a Chinese name in order to evade the Japanese police. The Chinese, of course, were eager for the opportunity to embarrass Japan at the international forum, and several top Chinese leaders at the time, including Sun Yat-sen, told U.S. diplomats that the peace conference should take up the question of Korean independence. Beyond that, however, the Chinese, locked in a struggle against the Japanese themselves, could do little for Korea. [10]However the United States did not pay any substantial attention to them, and the delegation was blocked from official participation due to the status of Korea as a Japanese colony. [11]The failure of the Korean nationalists to gain support from the Paris Peace Conference ended the possibility of foreign support. [12]The Japanese government reacted to the March 1st Movement by heightening its suppression of dissent and dismissing the Movement as the "Chosun Manse Violent Public Disorder Incident" (朝鮮萬歲騷擾事件). Governor-General Hasegawa Yoshimichi accepted responsibility for the loss of control (although most of the repressive measures leading to the uprising had been put into place by his predecessors) and was replaced by Saito Makoto. The military police were replaced by a civilian force, and limited press freedom was permitted under what was termed the 'cultural policy'. Many of these lenient policies were reversed during the Second Sino-Japanese War andWorld War II.On May 24, 1949, March 1st was designated a national holiday in South Korea.The March 1st Movement provided a catalytic momentum for the Korean Independence Movement. The ensuing suppression and hunting down of activists by the Japanese resulted in the expatriation of Korean leaders into Manchuria, Shanghai and other parts of China where they continued their activities. The Movement was a catalyst for the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai in April 1919 and also influenced nonviolent resistance in India and many other countries.[3] The Korean Liberation Army was also subsequently formed and allowed to operate in China by the Nationalist Government of China. The movement also saw a rise in mobilization of Catholic and Protestant activists as well as activism mobilized in the U.S., China and Russia.As the processions continued to grow, the Japanese local and military police could not control the crowds. The panicked Japanese officials called in military forces to quell the crowds including the naval forces. As the public protests continued to grow, the suppression turned to violence resulting in massacres and other atrocities. In one notable example, Japanese police herded the inhabitants of the village of Jeam-ri into a locked church before burning it to the ground, even shooting through the burning windows to ensure that no one made it out alive.Approximately 2,000,000 Koreans had participated in the more than 1,500 demonstrations, many who were massacred by the Japanese police force and army.[2] The frequently cited The Bloody History of the Korean Independence Movement (Hangul: 한국독립운동지혈사; Hanja: 韓國獨立運動之血史) by Park Eunsik reported 7,509 people killed, 15,849 wounded, and 46,303 arrested. From March 1 to April 11, Japanese officials reported only 553 people killed with over 12,000 arrested, 8 policemen and military killed, and 158 wounded. Many arrested were taken to the infamousSeodaemun Prison in Seoul where they faced torture, death without trial or due process.In 1920, the Battle of Chingshanli broke out in Manchuria between exiled Korean independence fighters and the Japanese Army.Despite the activists' concerns, massive crowds assembled in Pagoda Park to hear a student, Chung Jae-yong, read the declaration publicly. Afterwards, the gathering formed into a peaceable procession, which the Japanese military police attempted to suppress. Special delegates associated with the movement also read copies of the independence proclamation from appointed places throughout the country at 2 PM on that same day.Before the formal declaration, Korea also aired the following complaints to be heard by the Japanese people through papers and media:The belief that the government would discriminate when employing Koreans versus Japanese people; they claimed that no Koreans held important positions in the government.The existence of a disparity in education being offered to Korean and Japanese people.The Japanese despised and mistreated Koreans in general.Political officials, both Korean and Japanese, were arrogant.There was no special treatment for the upper class or scholars.The administrative processes were too complicated and laws were being made too frequently for the general public to follow.There was too much forced labor that was not desired by the public.Taxes were too heavy and the Korean people were paying more than before, while getting the same amount of services.Land continued to be confiscated by the Japanese people for personal reasons.Korean village teachers were being forced out of their jobs because the Japanese people were trying to suppress their heritage and teachings.The development of Korea had been for the benefit for the Japanese. They argued that while Koreans were working towards development, they did not reap the benefit of their own work.These grievances were highly influenced by ‘‘‘Wilson’s Declaration of the Principle of Self Determination’’’.[1]At 2 P.M. on March 1, 1919, 33 activists who formed the core of the Samil Movement convened at Taehwagwan Restaurant in Seoul and read the Korean Declaration of Independence that had been drawn up by historian Choe Nam-seon. The activists initially planned to assemble at Tapgol Park in downtown Seoul, but chose a more private location out of fear that the gathering might turn into a riot. The leaders of the movement signed the document and sent a copy to theGovernor General.“We herewith proclaim the independence of Korea and the liberty of the Korean people. This we proclaim to all the nations of the world in witness of human equality. This we proclaim to our descendents so that they may enjoy in perpetuity their inherent right to nationhood.Inasmuch as this proclamation originates from our five-thousand-year history, inasmuch as it springs from the loyalty of twenty million people, inasmuch as it affirms our yearning for the advancement of everlasting liberty, inasmuch as it expresses our desire to take part in the global reform rooted in human conscience, it is the solemn will of heaven, the great tide of our age, and a just act necessary for the co-existence of all humankind. Therefore, no power in this world can obstruct or suppress it!Adding to this was the death of former Emperor Gojong on January 21, 1919. There was widespread suspicion that he had been poisoned, credible since previous attempts (the "coffee plot") were well-known.Kim Jong-il김정일金正日Zhou Baozhong (Chinese: 周保中; pinyin: Zhōu Bǎozhōng; 1902–1964) was a commander of theNortheast Anti-Japanese United Army resisting the pacification of Manchukuo by the Empire of Japan.After the Chinese Civil War he was made Vice chairman of Yunnan People's Government in 1949. In February 1964 he died in Beijing.The Samil Movement came as a result of the repressive nature of colonial occupation under the military rule of the Japanese Empire following 1905, and the "Fourteen Points" outlining the right of national "self-determination" proclaimed by President Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919. After hearing news of Wilson’s speech, Korean students studying inTokyo published a statement demanding freedom from colonial rule.March 1st MovementHangul삼일 운동Hanja三一 運動Kim Man-il (Hangul: 김만일; Hanja: 金萬一; Vyatskoye, 1944 – , Pyongyang 1947/8) was the second son and child of North Korean leader Kim Il-sung and his first wife, Kim Jong-suk.He was born in 1944 in the Russian village of Vyatskoye. Inside his family, he was nicknamedShura. Official North Korean biographies state that Shura and his older brother Kim Jong-il got along very well and played together.In the summer of 1947 or 1948, Shura and his brother were playing in a pond in the city ofPyongyang, when Shura mysteriously drowned. Official records state that Kim Jong-il was devastated and could never get over the trauma of losing his younger brother. In 1949, his mother, Kim Jong-suk died while giving birth to a stillborn girl.Kim Jong-il Korean pronunciation: [kimdʑʌŋil] (16 February 1941 – 17 December 2011), was theSupreme Leader of The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; commonly called North Korea) from 1994 to 2011. He succeeded his father and founder of the DPRK, Kim Il-sung, following the elder Kim's death in 1994. Adding to this was the death of former Emperor Gojong on January 21, 1919. There was widespread suspicion that he had been poisoned, credible since previous attempts (the "coffee plot") were well-known.At 2 P.M. on March 1, 1919, 33 activists who formed the core of the Samil Movement convened at Taehwagwan Restaurant in Seoul and read the Korean Declaration of Independence that had been drawn up by historian Choe Nam-seon. The activists initially planned to assemble at Tapgol Park in downtown Seoul, but chose a more private location out of fear that the gathering might turn into a riot. The leaders of the movement signed the document and sent a copy to theGovernor General.“We herewith proclaim the independence of Korea and the liberty of the Korean people. This we proclaim to all the nations of the world in witness of human equality. This we proclaim to our descendents so that they may enjoy in perpetuity their inherent right to nationhood.Inasmuch as this proclamation originates from our five-thousand-year history, inasmuch as it springs from the loyalty of twenty million people, inasmuch as it affirms our yearning for the advancement of everlasting liberty, inasmuch as it expresses our desire to take part in the global reform rooted in human conscience, it is the solemn will of heaven, the great tide of our age, and a just act necessary for the co-existence of all humankind. Therefore, no power in this world can obstruct or suppress it!Before the formal declaration, Korea also aired the following complaints to be heard by the Japanese people through papers and media:The belief that the government would discriminate when employing Koreans versus Japanese people; they claimed that no Koreans held important positions in the government.The existence of a disparity in education being offered to Korean and Japanese people.The Japanese despised and mistreated Koreans in general.Political officials, both Korean and Japanese, were arrogant.There was no special treatment for the upper class or scholars.The administrative processes were too complicated and laws were being made too frequently for the general public to follow.There was too much forced labor that was not desired by the public.Taxes were too heavy and the Korean people were paying more than before, while getting the same amount of services.Land continued to be confiscated by the Japanese people for personal reasons.Korean village teachers were being forced out of their jobs because the Japanese people were trying to suppress their heritage and teachings.The development of Korea had been for the benefit for the Japanese. They argued that while Koreans were working towards development, they did not reap the benefit of their own work.These grievances were highly influenced by ‘‘‘Wilson’s Declaration of the Principle of Self Determination’’’.[1]Despite the activists' concerns, massive crowds assembled in Pagoda Park to hear a student, Chung Jae-yong, read the declaration publicly. Afterwards, the gathering formed into a peaceable procession, which the Japanese military police attempted to suppress. Special delegates associated with the movement also read copies of the independence proclamation from appointed places throughout the country at 2 PM on that same day.
According to the official version, Kim’s family participated in anti-Japanese activities and in 1920 they fled to Manchuria. Like most Korean families, they resented the Japanese occupation of the entire Korean peninsula, which began on August 29, 1910.[7] Another view seems to be that his family settled in Manchuria like many Koreans at the time to escape famine. Nonetheless, Kim’s parents, especially Kim's mother (Kang Ban Suk) played a role in some of the activist anti-Japanese struggle that was sweeping the peninsula.[12] But, their exact involvement - whether their cause was missionary, nationalist, or both - is unclear.[13][14] Still, Japanese repression of any and all opposition was brutal, resulting in the arrest and detention of more than 52,000 Korean citizens in 1912 alone.[15] The repression forced many Korean families to flee Korea and settle in Manchuria. The whole Kim family fled to Manchuria in 1920.Kim was born in the small village of Mangyungbong on April 15, 1912.[5] Mangyungbong sits on a peak in the Rangrim Range of mountains near Pyongyang, Korea.[6] Indeed, the name "Mangyungbong" means "All Seeing Peak."[7] From Mangyungbong there is a panoramic view of the Daidong River far below, where small steamers can be seen carrying trade from the Western Sea to Pyongyang and back again.[7] Born to Kim Hyŏng-jik and Kang Pan-sŏk, who gave him the name Kim Sŏng-ju; Kim also had two younger brothers, Ch’ŏl-chu (or Kim Chul Joo) and Yŏng-ju.[8]the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly referred to as North Korea, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.[1] He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death. He was also the leader of theWorkers' Party of Korea from 1949 to 1994 (titled as chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as general secretary after 1966). He invaded South Korea in 1950Kim Il-sung Korean pronunciation: [ki.mil.s͈ɔŋ], also romanised as Kim Il Sung (15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly referred to as North Korea, from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.[김일성Hancha金日成
born 1919, married in1941 at age 22, dead in 1949 at age30 leaving three kids in 8yrs of marriage to N.Korean dictator with same surname.Born24 December 1919Osan-dong, Hoeryong, North Hamgyong,Japanese KoreaDied22 September 1949 (aged 29)North KoreaSpouse(s)Kim Il-sung (1941-1949)
Kim Jong-suk was born on December 24, 1919 in Hoeryong County, North Hamgyong Province, in Chosŏn (Japanese Korea).[3] Suh Dae-sook writes that she was "the elder of two daughters of a poor farmer."[1] However, the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), states that she had a younger brother, Kim Ki-song, who was born February 9, 1921.[4]Kim Jong-suk followed her mother to Manchuria to look for her father, but they discovered that he had already died there. Soon after that, her mother died and she became an orphan. Most sources agree that Kim Jong-suk then joined Kim Il-sung’s guerrilla force in 1935 or 1936[5] as a kitchen helper.[1][3] The KCNA, however, reports that Kim Jong-suk and Kim Ki-song joined the guerrilla forces after their mother and their elder brother’s wife were murdered by the Japanese.[4]During this time, Kim Jong-suk worked various odd jobs, was arrested by the Japanese in 1937 in an undercover attempt to secure food and supplies. After her release, she rejoined the guerrillas, where she cooked, sewed, and washed.[1]It was around this time that Kim Jong-suk reportedly saved Kim Il-sung’s life. Baik Bong relates the story in Kim Il-sung’s official biography:One day, while the unit was marching under the General’s [Kim Il-sung] command, five or six enemies unexpectedly approached through the reeds and aimed at the General. The danger was imminent. Without losing a moment, Comrade Kim Jung Sook [Kim Jong-suk] shielded the General with her own body and shot down an enemy with her revolver. The General also shot down the second enemy. Two revolvers spurted fire in turn and annihilated the enemy in a twinkle. But this was not the only time such dangers occurred, and each time, Comrade Kim Jung Sook rose to the occasion with fury, and protected the Headquarters of the revolution at the risk of her life.[6]Kim Jong-suk married Kim Il Sung in the Soviet Union, most likely in 1941.[3] On February 16, 1941[5][7] (or 1942, sources vary),[1][3] in the Soviet village of Vyatskoye, Kim Jong-suk gave birth to Kim Jong-il, who was given the Russian name "Yuri Irsenovich Kim," and the nickname "Yura."[1][3][7] In 1944, Kim Jong-suk gave birth to a second son, Kim Pyong-il in Korean and "Alexander" or "Sura" in Russian.[3] In 1946, she gave birth to daughter, Kim Kyŏng-hŭi.[5]Kim Jong-suk (Hangul: 김정숙; Hanja: 金正淑), also Romanized as Kim Chŏng-suk, Gim Jeong-suk, Kim Jong Suk, Kim Jong-sook (December 14, 1919,[1] though the official biography states December 24, 1917[2] – September 22, 1949) was a Korean anti-Japanese guerrilla, a Communistactivist, North Korean leader Kim Il-sung’s first wife, former leader Kim Jong-il’s mother, and current leader Kim Jong-un's grandmother.Kim Jong-suk김정숙金正淑Hoeryŏng is a city in North Hamgyŏng Province, North Korea. It is located opposite Jilin Province,China, with the Tumen River in between. Sanhe (三合鎮), in Longjing prefecture, is the closest Chinese town across the river. Hoeryŏng is claimed to be the birthplace of Kim Il Sung's first wife and Kim Jong Il's mother, Kim Jong Suk.[1]The Hoeryong concentration camp (Kwan-li-so No. 22) is located some 20 kilometers (12 mi) from the city.회령시Korean transcription(s) • Hanja會寧市Nurhaci reorganized and united various Jurchen tribes (the later "Manchu"), consolidated theEight Banners military system, and eventually launched an assault on the Ming Dynasty andKorea's Joseon Dynasty. His conquest of China's northeastern Liaoning province laid the groundwork for the conquest of the rest of China by his descendants, who would go on to found the Qing Dynasty in 1644. He is also generally credited with the creation of a written script for theManchu language.Nurhaci (Manchu: ; simplified Chinese: 努尔哈赤; traditional Chinese: 努爾哈赤; pinyin:Nǔ'ěrhāchì; alternatively Nurhachi; 21 February 1559 – 30 September 1626) was an importantJurchen chieftain who rose to prominence in the late sixteenth century in Manchuria. Nurhaci was part of the Aisin Gioro clan, and reigned from 1616 to his death in September 1626.
The Jurchens were the ancestors of the Manchu people and spoke a language related to theManchu language. The Jurchen script, however, is not ancestral to the Manchu script.Jurchen script (Jurchen: dʒu ʃə bitxə[1]) was the writing system used to write theJurchen language, the language of the Jurchen people who created the Jin Empire in northeastern China in the 12th–13th centuries. It was derived from the Khitan script, which in turn was derived from Chinese (Han characters).[2] The script has only been decoded to a small extent.Jurchen language, ancestral to Manchu languageWanyan (Chinese: 完颜; pinyin: Wányán; Manchu:ᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ Wanggiyan; Jurchen script: ) was a Heishui Mohe tribe living in the drainage region of the Heilong River during the Khitan Liao Dynasty time. The Wanyan clan was founded by Hanpu, who, according to the "History of the Jin" (Jinshi 金史), came from the kingdom of Goryeo at the age of sixty.[1] The tribe was part of "uncivilized Jurchen"(生女真), which means that the tribe was not subordinated to the direct ruling of Khitan Emperors. Those Heishui Mohe tribes ruled by Khitan Emperors were called "civilized Jurchen" (熟女真) to indicate that they are more civilized.A bixi stone tortoise that was originally erected on the grave of Wanyan Asikui (阿思魁, ?-1136), one of Aguda's generals. Originally installed near today'sUssuriysk in 1193, the monument is now exhibited inKhabarovsk Regional MuseumThe Jīn Dynasty (Jurchen: Anchun Gurun; Chinese: 金朝; pinyin: Jīn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Chin Dynasty, IPA: [tɕín tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]); Manchu: Aisin Gurun; Khitan language: Nik, Niku;[2][3] Mongolian: Altan Ulus; 1115–1234), also known as the Jurchen (Jurched) Dynasty, was founded by the Wanyanclan of the Jurchens, the ancestors of the Manchus who established the Qing Dynasty some 500 years later. The name is sometimes written as Jinn to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn Dynastyof China whose name is identically spelled using the Latin alphabet.CurrencyChinese coin, Chinese cashToday part of China RussiaThe Kara-Khitan or Qara-Khitai Khanate (Mongolian: Хар Хятан; Persian: خانات قراختایی), also known as Western Liao (simplified Chinese: 西辽; traditional Chinese: 西遼; pinyin: Xī Liáo) (1124[3]-1218) was a sinicized Khitan empire in Central Asia. The dynasty was founded by Yelü Dashi, who led the remnants of the Liao Dynasty to Central Asia after fleeing from the Jurchen conquest of their homeland in North and Northeast of modern-day China. Today part of Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan China Russia MongoliaThe Khitan people (Chinese: 契丹; pinyin: Qìdān; Persian: ختن, Khitan), or Khitai, Kitan, or Kidan, were a nomadic Mongolic people, originally from Mongolia and Manchuria (the northeastern region of modern-day China) from the 4th century. As the Liao Dynasty they dominated a vast area north of, and including parts of, China; but have left few relics that have survived until today.[1] After the fall of Liao in 1125, many Khitans moved further west and established the state of Kara Khitai, which was finally destroyed by the Mongol Empire in 1218.Khitans using eagles to hunt, painted during the Chinese Song Dynasty.
The Khitan people (Chinese: 契丹; pinyin: Qìdān; Persian: ختن, Khitan), or Khitai, Kitan, or Kidan, were a nomadic Mongolic people, originally from Mongolia and Manchuria (the northeastern region of modern-day China) from the 4th century. As the Liao Dynasty they dominated a vast area north of, and including parts of, China; but have left few relics that have survived until today.[1] After the fall of Liao in 1125, many Khitans moved further west and established the state of Kara Khitai, which was finally destroyed by the Mongol Empire in 1218.the Liao Dynasty began a process of territorial expansion, with its founder Abaoji leading a successful conquest of theBalhae. Later emperors would gain sixteen Chinese prefectures by fueling a proxy war that led to the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, and would make both the Goryeo and the Song Dynasty intotribute states following successful military campaigns into their territories. The word "Liao" means "distant" or "far" in Chinese language.The Liao Dynasty (Khitan: Mos Jælud; Mongolian: Ляо Улс/Lyao Uls; simplified Chinese: 辽朝;traditional Chinese: 遼朝; pinyin: Liáo Cháo;),[2] also known as the Khitan Empire (Khitan: Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur; Mongolian: Хятан Гүрэн, Кидан Гүрэн; simplified Chinese: 契丹国; traditional Chinese: 契丹國; pinyin: Qìdān Guó),[3] was an empire in East Asia that ruled over Mongolia and portions of the Russian Far East, northern Korea, and northern China proper from 907 to 1125. It was founded by the Khitan Great Khan Abaoji around the time of the collapse of the Han Chinese Tang DynastyToday part of China Mongolia Russia North Korea KazakhstanLiao Dynasty907–1125Song Dynasty960–1279It was the first government in world history to nationally issue banknotes or true paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder, as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass.The Song Dynasty is divided into two distinct periods: the Northern Song and Southern Song. During the Northern Song (Chinese: 北宋, 960–1127), the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now Kaifeng), and the dynasty controlled most of inner China. The Southern Song(Chinese: 南宋, 1127–1279) refers to the period after the Song lost control of northern China to the Jin Dynasty. During this time, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze River and established their capital at Lin'an (now Hangzhou). Although the Song Dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River, the Song economy was not in ruins, as the Southern Song Empire contained 60 percent of China's population and a majority of the most productive agricultural land.[1] The Southern Song Dynasty considerably bolstered its naval strength to defend its waters and land borders and to conduct maritimemissions abroad.
조 (jo, hanja 朝)dynasty, imperial courtSino-Korean word from 朝 (“dynasty”) .宋朝; The name "Hui" is officially given by the People's Republic government, who defines a Hui as a Chinese speaker with foreign Muslim ancestry.[citation needed] Practicing the Islamic religion is not required. The category of Hui to described foreign Muslims moving into China dates back to theSong dynasty.Most Hui are similar in culture to Han Chinese[5] with the exception that they practice Islam, and have some distinctive cultural characteristics as a result. For example, as Muslims, they followIslamic dietary laws and reject the consumption of pork, the most common meat consumed inChinese culture,[6] and have also given rise to their variation of Chinese cuisine, Chinese Islamic cuisine and Muslim Chinese martial arts. Their mode of dress also differs primarily in that men wear white caps and women wear headscarves or (occasionally) veils, as is the case in mostIslamic cultures.Although many Hui people are ethnically similar to Han Chinese, the group has retained some Arabic, Persian and Central Asian features, their ethnicity and culture having been shaped profoundly by their position along the Silk Road trading route.The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; pinyin: Huízú, Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو / حواري, Dungan: Хуэйзў/Huejzw) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in China. Hui people are found throughout the country, though they are concentrated mainly in the Northwestern provinces and the Central Plain.
In November 2004, martial law was declared in Zhongmou County, Henan, to quell deadly ethnic clashes between Han Chinese and the Muslim Hui Chinese. [7] The reported number of deaths ranged between 7 and 148.. In recent years the prevalence of "selling blood" (blood donations for payment) among poor villagers has put Henan in the national spotlight. It was exposed that AIDS villages, where most of the population is HIV positive, exist in Henan. In many rural areas of China during the 1990s, particularly in the province of Henan, tens to hundreds of thousands of farmers and peasants were infected with HIV through participation in state-run blood collection programs in which contaminated equipment was reused.[By the early 1970s, China was one of the poorest countries in the world, and Henan was one of the poorest provinces in China. In 1978, however, when the communist leader Deng Xiaopinginitiated the open door policy and embraced capitalism, China entered an economic boom that continues today. The boom did not reach inland provinces such as Henan initially, but by the 1990s Henan's economy was expanding at an even faster rate than that of China overall.Henan remained important in the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty that followed, though its economy slowly deteriorated due to frequent natural disasters.
Modern Era
The Qing Dynasty was overthrown by the Republic of China in 1911, marking the beginning of China's modern era. The construction and extension of the Pinghan Railway and Longhai Railwayhad turned Zhengzhou, a minor county town at the time, into a major transportation hub. Despite the rise of Zhengzhou, Henan's overall economy repeatedly stumbled as it was the hardest hit by the many disasters that struck China in its modern era.In 1938, when the Imperial Japanese Army captured Kaifeng, the government led by Chiang Kai-shek bombed the Huayuankou dam in Zhengzhou in order to prevent the Japanese forces from advancing further. However, this caused massive flooding in Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu resulting in a famine that caused millions of deaths.In 1954, the new government of the People's Republic of China moved the capital of Henan fromKaifeng to Zhengzhou, as a result of its economic importance. The PRC had earlier established a short-lived Pingyuan Province consisting of what is now northern Henan and western Shandongwith Xinxiang as its capital. This province was abolished in 1952.In 1958, Yashan in Suiping County, Henan, became the first people's commune of China, heralding the beginning of the "Great Leap Forward". In the subsequent famines of the early 1960s popularly attributed to the Great Leap Forward, Henan was one of the hardest hit and millions of lives were lost.[7]A destructive flooding of the Huai River in the summer of 1950 prompted large-scale construction of dams on its tributaries in central and southern Henan. Unfortunately, many of the dams were not able to withstand the extraordinarily high levels of rainfall caused by Typhoon Nina in August 1975.
Kaifeng served as the Jurchen's "southern capital" from 1157 (other sources say 1161) and was reconstructed during this time.[5][6] But the Jurchen kept their main capital further north, until 1214, when they were forced to move the imperial court southwards to Kaifeng in order to flee theMongol onslaught. In 1234 they succumbed to combined Mongol and Song Dynasty forces. Mongols took control, and in 1279 they conquered all of China, establishing the Yuan Dynastyand set up the equivalent of modern Henan province, with borders extremely similar to modern ones. Neither its territories nor its role in the economy were changed under later dynasties. Henan remained important in the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty that followed, though its economy slowly deteriorated due to frequent natural disasters.In the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed, Kaifeng in eastern Henan was the capital of four dynasties. The Song Dynasty that reunified China in 982 also had its capital atKaifeng. Under Song rule, China entered another era of culture and prosperity, and Kaifeng overtook Luoyang and Chang'an as the largest city in China and the world.[4] In 1127, however, the Song Dynasty succumbed to Jurchen (Jin Dynasty) invaders from the north, and in 1142 ceded all of northern China, including Henan. Xuchang in central Henan was the power base of Cao Cao, who eventually succeeded in unifying all of northern China under the Kingdom of Wei. Wei then moved its capital to Luoyang, which remained the capital after the unification of China by the Western Jin Dynasty. During this period Luoyang became one of the largest and most prosperous cities in the world, despite being repeatedly damaged by warfare.With the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty in the 4th and 5th century, nomadic peoples from the north invaded northern China and established many successive regimes in northern China, including Henan. These people were gradually assimilated into the Chinese culture in a process known as sinification.
The empire quickly collapsed after the death of Ying Zheng and was replaced by the Han Dynasty in 206 BC, with its capital at Chang'an. Thus began agolden age of Chinese culture, economy, and military power. The capital was moved east toLuoyang in 25 CE, in response to a coup in Chang'an that created the short-lived Xin Dynasty. Luoyang quickly regained control of China, and the Eastern Han Dynasty began, extending the golden age for another two centuries.Henan was divided into three states, the Wei to the north, the Chu to the south, and the Han in the middle. In 221 BC, state of Qin forces from Shaanxi conquered all of the other six states, ending 800 years of warfare.Laozi, the founder of Taoism, was born in northern Chu, part of modern day Henan.Shang Dynasty oracle bone script, the first form of Chinese writingThe Xia Dynasty collapsed around the 16th century BC following the invasion of Shang, a neighboring vassal state centered around today's Shangqiu in eastern Henan. The Shang Dynasty (16th-11th centuries BC) was the first literate dynasty of China. Its many capitals are located at the modern cities of Shangqiu, Yanshi, and Zhengzhou. Their last and most important capital, Yin, located in modern Anyang, is where the first Chinese writing was created.Henan (Chinese: 河南; pinyin: Hénán; Wade–Giles: Ho-nan) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "豫" (yù), named after Yuzhou (豫州 Yùzhōu), a Han Dynasty state (zhou) that included parts of Henan. Although the name of the province (河南) means "south of the river",[3] approximately a quarter of the province lies north of the Yellow River, also known as the "Huang He".Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (中州) which literally means "central plains" or "midland", although the name is also applied to the entirety of China proper. Henan is the birthplace of Chinese civilization with over 5,000 years of history, and remained China's cultural, economical, and political center until approximately 1,000 years ago. Numerous heritages have been left behind including the ruins of Shang Dynasty capital city Yin and theShaolin Temple. Four of the Eight Great Ancient Capitals of China, Luoyang, Anyang, Kaifeng, andZhengzhou are located in Henan.河 hé - (Yellow) River南 nán - south"south of the Yellow River"河南省 (Hénán Shěng) • Abbreviation豫 (pinyin: Yù)
Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (中州) which literally means "central plains" or "midland", although the name is also applied to the entirety of China proper. Henan is the birthplace of Chinese civilization with over 5,000 years of history, and remained China's cultural, economical, and political center until approximately 1,000 years ago. Numerous heritages have been left behind including the ruins of Shang Dynasty capital city Yin and theShaolin Temple. Four of the Eight Great Ancient Capitals of China, Luoyang, Anyang, Kaifeng, andZhengzhou are located in Henan.Henan (Chinese: 河南; pinyin: Hénán; Wade–Giles: Ho-nan) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the central part of the country. Its one-character abbreviation is "豫" (yù), named after Yuzhou (豫州 Yùzhōu), a Han Dynasty state (zhou) that included parts of Henan. Although the name of the province (河南) means "south of the river",[3] approximately a quarter of the province lies north of the Yellow River, also known as the "Huang He".河 hé - (Yellow) River南 nán - south"south of the Yellow RiverLuoyang (simplified Chinese: 洛阳; traditional Chinese: 洛陽; pinyin: Luòyáng; Postal map spelling: Loyang; IPA: [lwɔ̂jɑ̌ŋ]) is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province of Central China. It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast,Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast. As of the 2010 census, Luoyang had a population of 6,549,086 inhabitants, whom 1,856,877 are living in the built-up area made up of 5 urban districts (all but Jili not yet urbanized) Situated on the central plain of China, one of the cradles of the Chinese civilization, Luoyang was one of theFour Great Ancient Capitals of China.Hanren, or the "People of Han", to distinguish from the nomads from the steppe; "Han" refers to the old dynasty.relative had hidden the Ma family genealogy in his home in China to save it from destruction during the Cultural Revolution. Ma's paternal ancestry can be traced back eighteen generations to the year 1217. This genealogy had been compiled in the 18th century by an ancestor, tracing everyone with the surname Ma, through the paternal line, back to one common ancestor in the 3rd century BC. Ma's generation name, "Yo", had been decided by his fourth great grand-uncle, Ma Ji Cang, in 1755.[31][32]Yo-Yo Ma was born in Paris on October 7, 1955, to Chinese parents, and had a musical upbringing. His mother, Marina Lu, was a singer, and his father, Hiao-Tsiun Ma, was a violinist and professor of music at Nanjing National Central University. The family moved to New York when he was five years old.Yo-Yo Ma (born October 7, 1955) is an American[1] cellist. He was a child prodigy and was performing by age five. He completed a Bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1976. He has played as a soloist with many major orchestras. His 75 albums have received fifteenGrammy Awards.馬友友China's cuisine varies from Sichuan's famously spicy food to Guangdong's Dim Sum and fresh seafood.Han Chinese speak various forms of the Chinese language that are descended from a common early language;[31] one of the names of the language group is Hanyu (simplified Chinese: 汉语; traditional Chinese: 漢語), literally the "Han language". Similarly, Chinese characters, used to write the language, are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字), or "Han characters".The Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to East Asia. They constitute approximately 92% of the population of China, 98% of the population of Taiwan, 74% of the population of Singapore, 24.5% of the population of Malaysia, and about 20% of the entire global human population, making them the largest ethnic group in the world. There is considerable genetic, linguistic, cultural, and social diversity among the Han, mainly due to thousands of years of immigration and assimilation of various regional ethnicities and tribes within China.[16] The Han Chinese are a subset of the Chinese nation (Zhonghua minzu). Sometimes Han and other Chinese refer to themselves as the "Descendants of the Yan and Huang Emperors".漢族
Equagesic was discontinued in the United States, possibly because of its toxic profile and more adequate drugs available. Specifically, meprobamate is more toxic than benzodiazepines, which are also useful as a muscle relaxant.Martial artist Bruce Lee died of cerebral edema caused by allergic reaction to Equagesic, according to coroner examination. He died the 20th of July 1973 in Hong KongOn 10 May 1973, Lee collapsed in Golden Harvest studios in Hong Kong while doing dubbing work for the movie Enter the Dragon. Suffering from seizures and headaches, he was immediately rushed to Hong Kong Baptist Hospital where doctors diagnosed cerebral edema. They were able to reduce the swelling through the administration of mannitol. These same symptoms that occurred in his first collapse were later repeated on the day of his death.[76]On 20 July 1973, Lee was in Hong Kong, to have dinner with James Bond star George Lazenby, with whom he intended to make a film. According to Lee's wife Linda, Lee met producer Raymond Chow at 2 pm at home to discuss the making of the film Game of Death. They worked until 4 pm and then drove together to the home of Lee's colleague Betty Ting Pei, a Taiwanese actress. The three went over the script at Ting's home, and then Chow left to attend a dinner meeting.[77][78]Later Lee complained of a headache, and Ting gave him an analgesic (painkiller), Equagesic, which contained both aspirin and the muscle relaxant meprobamate. Around 7:30 pm, he went to lie down for a nap. When Lee did not turn up for dinner, Chow came to the apartment but could not wake Lee up. A doctor was summoned, who spent ten minutes attempting to revive him before sending him by ambulance to Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Lee was dead by the time he reached the hospital.[79]There was no visible external injury; however, according to autopsy reports, his brain had swollen considerably, from 1,400 to 1,575 grams (a 13% increase). Lee was 32 years old. The only substance found during the autopsy was Equagesic. On 15 October 2005, Chow stated in an interview that Lee died from an allergic reaction to the muscle relaxant (meprobamate) inEquagesic, which he described as a common ingredient in painkillers. When the doctors announced Lee's death officially, it was ruled a "death by misadventure".[80][81]His influences include Taoism, Jiddu Krishnamurti, andBuddhism.[68] On the other hand, Lee's philosophy was very much in opposition to the conservative worldview advocated by Confucianism.[69] John Little states that Lee was anatheist. When asked in 1972 about his religious affiliation, he replied, "none whatsoever".[70] In 1972, he was asked if he believed in God, and responded, "To be perfectly frank, I really do not".[67]Bruce Lee is buried next to his son Brandon in Lakeview Cemetery, Seattle.Lee dropped out of college in the spring of 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee (嚴鏡海). James Lee was twenty years senior to Bruce Lee and a well known Chinese martial artist in the area. Together, they founded the second Jun Fan martial art studio in Oakland. James Lee was also responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to Ed Parker, American martial artist, and organizer of the Long Beach International Karate Championships at which Bruce Lee was later "discovered" by Hollywood.It was at the 1964 championships where Lee first met Taekwondo master Jhoon Goo Rhee. The two developed a friendship – a relationship from which they benefited as martial artists. Rhee taught Lee the side kick in detail, and Lee taught Rhee the "non-telegraphic" punch.[39]In Oakland, California in 1964 at Chinatown, Lee had a controversial private match with Wong Jack Man, a direct student of Ma Kin Fung known for his mastery of Xingyiquan, Northern Shaolin, and T'ai chi ch'uan. According to Lee, the Chinese community issued an ultimatum to him to stop teaching non-Chinese. When he refused to comply, he was challenged to a combat match with Wong. The arrangement was that if Lee lost, he would have to shut down his school; while if he won, then Lee would be free to teach Caucasians or anyone else.[42] Wong denied this, stating that he requested to fight Lee after Lee issued an open challenge during one of Lee's demonstrations at a Chinatown theatre, and that Wong himself did not discriminate against Caucasians or other non-Chinese.[43] Lee commented, "That paper had all the names of the sifufrom Chinatown, but they don't scare me".[44]Individuals known to have witnessed the match included Cadwell, James Lee (Bruce Lee's associate, no relation), and William Chen, a teacher of T'ai chi ch'uan. Wong and witness William Chen stated that the fight lasted an unusually long 20–25 minutes.[43] According to Bruce Lee,Linda Lee Cadwell, and James Yimm Lee, the fight lasted 3 minutes with a decisive victory for Lee. "The fight ensued, it was a no-holds-barred fight, it took three minutes. Bruce got this guy down to the ground and said 'do you give up?' and the man said he gave up" – Linda Lee Cadwell.[42]Wong Jack Man published his own account of the battle in the Chinese Pacific Weekly, aChinese-language newspaper in San Francisco, which contained another challenge to Lee for a public rematch.[43] Lee had no reciprocation to Wong's article, nor were there any further public announcements by either, but Lee had continued to teach Caucasians.The Jeet Kune Do emblem is a registered trademark held by the Bruce Lee Estate. TheChinese characters around theTaijitu symbol read: "Using no way as way" and "Having no limitation as limitation" The arrows represent the endless interaction between yang and yin.[45]
At the age of 18, Lee returned to the United States with $100 in his pocket. After living in San Francisco for several months, he moved to Seattle in 1959, to continue his high school education, where he also worked for Ruby Chow as a live-in waiter at her restaurant.Chow's husband was a co-worker and friend of Lee's father. Lee's elder brother Peter Lee (李忠琛) would also join him in Seattle for a short stay before moving on to Minnesota to attend college. In December 1960, Lee completed his high school education and received his diploma from Edison Technical School (now Seattle Central Community College, located on Capitol Hill in Seattle). He also attended Garfield High School in Seattle.[30]In March 1961, Lee enrolled at the University of Washington, majoring in drama according to the university's alumni association information,[31] not in philosophy as claimed by Lee himself and many others. Lee also studied philosophy, psychology, and various other subjects.[32][33] It was at the University of Washington that he met his future wife Linda Emery, a fellow student studying to become a teacher, whom he married in August 1964.Lee had two children with Linda Emery, Brandon Lee (1965–93) and Shannon Lee (born 1969).Lee had three other Chinese names: Li Yuanxin (李源鑫), a family/clan name; Li Yuanjian (李元鑒), which he used as a student name while he was attending La Salle College, and his Chinese screen name Li Xiaolong (李小龍; Xiaolong means "little dragon"). Lee's given name Jun-fan was originally written in Chinese as 震藩, however, the Jun (震) Chinese character was identical to part of his grandfather's name, Lee Jun-biu (李震彪). Hence, the Chinese character for Jun in Lee's name was changed to the homonym 振 instead, to avoid naming taboo in Chinese tradition.Bruce Lee was born on 27 November 1940, at the Chinese Hospital, in San Francisco'sChinatown. According to the Chinese zodiac, Lee was born in both the hour and the year of theDragon, which according to tradition is a strong and fortuitous omen.[13] His father Lee Hoi-chuen (李海泉) was Chinese, and his mother Grace Ho (何愛瑜) was half Chinese and half Caucasian.[14] Grace Ho was the daughter of Ho Kom-tong (Ho Gumtong, 何甘棠) and the niece of Sir Robert Ho-tung, both notable Hong Kong businessmen and philanthropists.[15] Bruce was the fourth child of five children: Phoebe Lee (李秋源), Agnes Lee (李秋鳳), Peter Lee (李忠琛), andRobert Lee (李振輝). Lee and his parents returned to Hong Kong when he was three months old.[16]Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist). Lee held dual nationality of Hong Kong and the United States.[12] He died in Kowloon Tongon 20 July 1973 at the age of 32.Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍; born Lee Jun-fan; 27 November 1940 – 20 July 1973) was a Hong Kong American martial artist, Hong Kong action film actor, martial arts instructor, filmmaker,[3]and the founder of Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen. He is widely considered by commentators, critics, media and other martial artists to be one of the most influential martial artists of all time,[4] and a pop culture icon of the 20th century.[5][6] He is often credited with helping to change the way Asians were presented in American films.[7]Lee was born in Chinatown, San Francisco on 27 November 1940 to parents from Hong Kong and was raised in Kowloon with his family until his late teens. He was introduced to the film industry by his father and appeared in several films as a child actor. Lee moved to the United States at the age of 18 to receive his higher education,[8] and it was during this time that he began teaching martial arts. His Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of interest in Chinese martial arts in the West in the 1970s.
Lake View Cemetery is a cemetery located on Seattle, Washington, Capitol Hill just north ofVolunteer Park. It is named for its view of Lake Washington to the east. It was founded in 1873 as the Seattle Masonic Cemetery.Freemasonry is both successful and controversial in France; membership is rising, but reporting in the popular media is often negative.[97]Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem after destroying the Al-Aqsa Mosque.[87] In article 28 of its Covenant, Hamas states that Freemasonry, Rotary, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ..."[88] Many countries with a significant Muslim population do not allow Masonic establishments within their jurisdictions. However, countries such as Turkey and Morocco have established Grand Lodges,[89] while in countries such as Malaysia[90] and Lebanon[91] there are District Grand Lodges operating under a warrant from an established Grand Lodge. In Pakistan in 1972 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, then Prime Minister of Pakistan, placed a ban on Freemasonry and confiscated all the literature. The lodges were then disbanded.[citation needed] Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1919, when the first lodge under the UGLE was opened in Basra,[citation needed] and later on when the country was under British Mandate just after the First World War. However the position changed in July 1958 following the Revolution, with the abolition of the Monarchy and Iraq being declared a republic, under General Qasim. The licences permitting lodges to meet were rescinded and later laws were introduced banning any further meetings. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein, the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations."[85]Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍; born Lee Jun-fan; 27 November 1940 – 20 July 1973)
Kim Gu (김구; 金九; sometimes transliterated Kim Ku; also known by his pen name Baekbeom (백범; 白凡), August 29, ..
An Jung-geun or Ahn Jung-geun (September 2, 1879 – March 26, 1910) (안중근; 安重根; Baptismal name: Thomas) ...
Yi Sun-shin (Hangul: 이순신; Hanja: 李舜臣; April 28, 1545 – December 16, 1598) was a Korean naval commander, ...Battle of Myeongnyang - Turtle ship - Japanese invasions of Korea - Jo Gwang-jo
Yi Sun-shin (Hangul: 이순신; Hanja: 李舜臣; April 28, 1545 – December 16, 1598) was a Korean naval commander,
윤봉길Hanja尹奉吉Revised RomanizationYun Bong-gilMcCune–ReischauerYun Ponggilmemorium of Yun Bong-gil in Hongkou Park, Shanghai.Yun Bong-gil (21 June 1908, Yesan, Korea – 19 December 1932, Kanazawa, Japan) was aKorean independence activist best known for orchestrating the deadly bombing of a gathering of Japanese dignitaries in the Shanghai International Settlement in 1932.유관순Hanja柳寬順Revised RomanizationYu, Gwan-sunMcCune–ReischauerYu, Kwan-sunThis page has some issuesYu, Gwan-Sun (March 15, 1904 – September 28, 1920) was an organizer in what would come to be known as the March 1st Movement against the Japanese colonial rule of Korea in South Chungcheong.[1] In 1919, Yu, Kwan-Sun was a student at Ewha Womans University's high school in Seoul, where she witnessed the beginnings of the March 1st Movement. Her deep faith in God and the teachings from the Methodist Ehwa School gave her the courage to act boldly.[2] When the school went into recess, following an order by the Japanese government closing all Korean schools, she returned to her home in Jiryeong-ri (now Yongdu-ri).There, along with her family, she began to arouse public feeling against the Japanese occupation. She also planned a demonstration for independence, which included people from some neighboring towns, Yeongi, Chungju, and Jincheon. The demonstration was scheduled to start on the first lunar day of March 1919 at 9:00 a.m. in Awunae Marketplace. About 2,000 demonstrators shouted, "Long live Korean Independence!" ("대한독립만세"). The Japanese police were dispatched at around 1:00 p.m. that same day, and Yu was arrested with other demonstrators. Both of her parents were killed by Japanese police during the demonstration.Yu served a brief detention at Cheonan Japanese Military Police Station, and then she was tried and sentenced to seven years of imprisonment at Seodaemun Prison. During her sentence, Yu, Gwan-Sun continued to protest for the independence of Korea, for which she received harsh beatings and diverse, extremely severe forms of torture at the hands of Japanese officers. She died in prison on September 28, 1920, reportedly as the result of torture. Her final words were, "Even if my fingernails are torn out, my nose and ears are ripped apart, and my legs and arms are crushed, this physical pain does not compare to the pain of losing my nation. My only remorse is not being able to do more than dedicating my life to my country."The Japanese prison initially refused to release her body, but eventually and reluctantly the prison released her body to Lulu Frey and Jeannette Walter, principals of Ewha Womans School, and only after Frey and Walter threatened to expose this atrocity to the world. Her body was reported to have been cut into pieces. The body was contained inside an oil crate which was supposed to be returned to Saucony Vacuum Company. The Japanese Authorities did this as a retaliation against the threat from Ehwa School.She was posthumously awarded the Order of Independence Merit in 1962.
유관순(柳寬順, 류관순, 1902년 11월 17일[1] ~ 1920년 9월 28일)은 한국의 독립운동가이다. 일제 강점기에3.1운동으로부터 시작된 만세운동을 주도하다가 체포되어 서대문형무소에서 사망하였다. 일설에는 1904년생이라는 설도 있다.rominent people with family name 柳 (Liǔ)Edit
Liu Gongquan, a poet and calligrapherLiu Zongyuan, a poet during Tang DynastyLiu Yizheng, modern historian廖 (Liao, Liu, Leow, Liau, Yu)
See also: Liao (surname)from Zhou Dynastyfrom Zhu Rongfrom Miao (people)from ethnic groups in ChinaIn Hakka, 刘/劉 is most commonly transliterated as Liew while 廖 is written as Liau or Liawhttp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka
native New Orleanians knew that Bucktown served the best and cheapest seafood in town. It was right on the waterfront of the lake, and the restaurants were mixed right in with the fishing boats. Restaurateurs happily tolerated the mix of the fish smells, the fishing boat smells, and they tolerated, too, the sounds of hard-driving/drinking of the fisherman. All this rough and ready sub-culture was tucked away in a nook far away in sentiment, but woefully close in distance from the anti-Semitic, anti-black Southern Yacht Club, perched on the same shoreline just a few blocks away.And finally, New Orleans has its Jews, 1% Jewish, not many, but they constitute many of the lawyers, most of the doctors, and until the 70’s, virtually all of the department stores and merchants.New Orleans and Jews have a real love/hate relationship with one another — always have. Here is a religion who metes out privilege and punishment in the same breath. Take for instance the story of the father of the first Jew of New Orleans, David Monsanto, a Dutch Sephardic Jew. He was apparently a rather prosperous man. He held important positions within his community in Holland. Eventually, however, he fell into hard times, and was forced to accept a monthly stipend from the same Jewish community in which he had once been a leader. His payment for his bad luck and for his state of need: he was required to serve as a minhanista, one of the guys who must attend religious services in order to assure the presence of a minyan, a mandatory quorum of ten men necessary for the performance of the religious service.In other words, his punishment for being poor was that he had to pray. Interesting religion, one might say, to concoct such an idea. A religion with a twist, a kind of ironic twist. A rather generous religion too. A religion, perhaps, of meaningful morality.New Orleans, from the beginning, wanted to hate the Jews and drive them out, like most of the rest of the world. But, in the end, it was a city that was, like the Jewish religion itself, a generous and moral. Too, it had a sense of irony. The city that care forgot actually cared.Their history together begins in the mid-1700′s. In 1724 France passed a Code Noir (the Black Code), effectively banning all Jews from living in the French colony of Louisiana. Nevertheless, six brave Jews (one of them Issac Monsanto, David’s son) had apparently defied the edict, and settled in New Orleans. We know it was six because someone was counting. In 1759 the Commissaire Ordonnateur of New Orleans announced that…Jews, who according to the edicts and ordinances must not remain in a colony more than three months, under penalty of imprisonment and confiscation of their property, are forming establishments here by the progress and the danger of which have been observed by the whole country. There are, at present, six of them here…But that being said, for the record, so to speak, for the time that New Orleans remained under French rule, in their usual lax fashion, the French counted the Jews, and left them alone. When Louisiana was ceded to Spain, in 1769, the Monsanto family was expelled, and their monies and property were confiscated. They fled to Pensacola, then an English territory, and soon returned back to New Orleans. Even minus their possessions, the love affair between Jews and New Orleans had taken hold. For the rest of the history of the town, the Jews were left to prosper, which they did.The town is proud of its lack of anti-Semitism. The Jews themselves will tell you that there is virtually no anti-Semitism in the town. They will tell you that the city is unique in how warmly the Jewish community has been embraced and treated respectfully. Yet, this is the town where the entire social calendar is built around Mardi Gras, one of the most anti-Semitic inventions of modern America. The local Mardi Gras, the Mardi Gras known only to New Orleanians, constitutes the debutante balls, the coming out place for New Orleans’ finest daughters who like lace and velvet. Word had it that my cousin, Amy, was the first Jew in New Orleans to make her debut. This, in spite of the fact that her father is an atheist who has never practiced a moment of religious Jewry, her mother was born and remains a practicing Catholic, and Amy herself has been raised Catholic. In the eyes of New Orleans society, in its long memory of family and ancestors as the only proper placement of an individual, she is considered a Jew.The Jews, in fact, have been too busy creating their own place in New Orleans culture to worry much about who on the outside thinks what about them. They never needed to compete with Gentiles because there was plenty enough to contend with within their own community. As with the rest of New Orleans and its co-mingling of disparate groups, the Jews, too, had the high rollers and the low rollers.The two groups came over on different boats in different influxes. The western European Jews, among them my mother’s great grandparents, were fleeing the violence and chaos of Alsace-Lorraine in the 1850′s as it passed from French to German hands. This violence, though, had nothing to do with anti-Semitism. They didn’t feel hated for their religion. They didn’t even care too much about their religion, except as a cultural grounding. These, then, were the first Jews of New Orleans, and they easily found a cultural homeland in a place where they already spoke the language. They fit right in. Some of them converted or married Gentiles without looking back, and within a short period of time they had established themselves as some of the city’s leading retailers and richest citizens.The eastern European Jews, on the other hand, were being persecuted in Russia and Poland in the late 1880′s precisely because of their religion. When they left their homeland, they were running for their lives. If they were lucky, as were my father’s parents, they got rides from Poland/Russia/Latvia/Lithuania to Hamburg hidden in hay wagons, pulled by oxen or mules; the unlucky ones walked. When they had saved enough money to come to the New World, they brought over no precious heirlooms and no commonality of culture to their new home.The western European Jews wanted to look indistinguishable from the community in which they were rapidly becoming acculturated. They embraced Reform Judaism: they threw off their yarmulkes and tallis; they sat through religious services conducted in English; organ music filled the rafters in the glorious synagogue (Touro) built in the best and most expensive Moorish tradition; and they did the unthinkable –they broke with strict tradition by having men and women sit together. Except for the small amount of Hebrew prayers, these services could have been in any Christian church in the land. Such was their aspiration: to look Christian; to stay Jewish, but look Christian.The eastern European Jews kept their old-time religion. This was a religion of community and prayer. These were Jews who took life seriously because, with their history of persecution, they were, perhaps, never quite able to throw off their worries about which direction the next death threat was going to come from. Assimilation was the farthest thing from their minds. They stayed Orthodox; they didn’t wear fur coats (as the Reform Jews did) to Yom Kippur services because praying was serious business, not show-time. They didn’t send their children to private schools because it was unnecessarily elitist. They didn’t join the Jewish country club because Saturdays were for God.Since Monsanto’s first settling, Jews have been an important part of the New Orleans heritage. Among the prominent Jews in the late 19th and 20th centuries were Isaac Delgado, who gave the city its art museum; Samuel Zemurray, president of the United Fruit Company; Captain Neville Levy, chairman of the Mississippi River Bridge Commission; Percival Stern, benefactor of Tulane and Loyola universities, Newman School, and the Touro Infirmary; Mr. and Mrs. Edgar B. Stern, who supported many institutions and schools and Sydney J. Besthoff III, whose extensive sculpture collection now graces the New Orleans Museum of Art. Jews have served as presidents and board members of practically all cultural, civic, and social-welfare agencies.And then, in the 21st century, came Katrina, and brought with her a bit of unexpected Lagniappe to the Jews of New Orleans. In 2005, there were about 10,000 Jews – the smallest Jewish population of any major city. The city lost 25% of the Jewish population post-Katrina – its own kind of New Orleans Diaspora. Jews from all over the country rallied: homes were opened for displaced families; monies were raised to replace ruined Torahs; and, most interestingly, a recruitment call went out to Jews everywhere: come down y’all and live with us; help us to revitalize our Jewish community. Over 2,000 Jews responded, and have now relocated to New Orleans. They form a vibrant and significant part of the contemporary New Orleans Jewish population, and include the new Provost at Tulane, the new Dean of Tulane Law School, the new head of Hillel, new rabbis at 3 of the 5 synagogues.Zoe Oreck, who left New Orleans to go to school in Georgia, as so many college-bound kids do, comments about the unique aspect of the association between New Orleans and the Jews: “I mean, the hours of my Sunday School were changed to better accommodate Saints games. The Jews of New Orleans could not be the Jews of any other city.” And, Zoe’s grandmother, Carol Wise, comments that unlike other cities, “We have NEVER had one section of the city that is primarily Jewish–we are a Gumbo–each of the parts makes us better.”And every New Orleanian who has ever made Gumbo knows what makes the Gumbo the miraculous conglomerate that it is: it’s the Lagniappe – the unexpected treat that lies in the hidden alcoves of the refrigerator waiting to be discovered.New Orleans is a town of differences. It’s got more diversity than anywhere except New York. For the most part its subcultures co-exist rather peacefully. It’s got all those Catholics who live in the 9th Ward Irish Channel and sound like they just got off a fast train from the deepest heart of Brooklyn. The town has so many Catholics, and they permeate the culture so much that you begin to think Catholicism defines New Orleans. Then, of course, you remember the blacks and jazz, and you realize that New Orleans ain’t New Orleans, and never has been, without them. Next, you find out about all the Protestants and Episcopalians who define high society and make the Garden District one of the prettiest sights in America. There’re the I-talians who own neighborhood restaurants that serve better food than the 4-star eateries in New York. There’s the Mafia, stronger than ever, undeterred by everyone’s unspoken awareness that it wields more power than government and that it was, so the scuttlebutt says, the New Orleans Mafia that did in JFK. Too, New Orleans has the Cajuns who no one else has, who no one even comes close to simulating, who still retain their own language, their own food and their own music and live as though 200 years ago were still here.. New Orleans, as a town, is nothing if not a lesson in contradictions. First there’s the question of never quite being able to decide on its identity. Maybe it’s French, maybe it’s Spanish. You think it’s French, its reputation is French and its food is a (some feel improved) perversion of French. Then you get there and realize that all its old architecture is Spanish. And, with its location at the mouth of the biggest river in the land, it should have become one of the biggest cities around. It, in fact, was once, the sixth largest city in the country before the Civil War. But then, it shrank. It’s actually geographically of small, nestled in the crescent of the river, and closed up for expansion by a huge lake, Ponchartrain, on its other side. Its European roots are still evident, and give it, at times, an air of sophistication and worldliness. You come to expect a kind of cosmopolitan attitude. Then you look at the newspaper, the one newspaper in town, and you see that local news is about all that anyone cares about. A lot of the news is about what’s happening with the zoo, and the ponds and the social scene. The townspeople threaten yearly to not support its symphony orchestra; and the art museum, until the 1980′s, was so nondescript that it could hardly justify its existence. Next to the French Quarter’s den of inequity on Bourbon Street, where hawkers on the street try to suck you in to watch plastic boobs bobbing up and down, one block away — literally a single block over — is a stretch of road named Royal Street that carries among the most exquisite and precious antiques found anywhere in the world.Edmund and Eveline (LaValley) Nault Family. Pictured are Edmund and Eveline and their children, Paul, Philip, Eva, Exima, Edmund Jr., and Peter.Paul J Nault · Edmund Nault · Philip J Nault · Eva Nault · Exima M Nault · Eveline (LaValley) Nault · Peter NaultFrancois & Adelaide (Demers) Carrier, Minnesota
Francois and Adelaide (Demers) Carrier, Minnesota: Francois Carrier (1832-1922): son of Joseph Carrier and Louise Lamontagne of Quebec. Adelaide Demers (1834-1908): daughter of Louis and Adelaide Demers of Quebec. Francois and Adelaide died in Wright County, Minnesota.왕대속 (Phyllostachys)대나무아족 (Bambusinae)이대속 (Pseudosasa해장죽아족 (Arundinariinae)해장죽속 (Arundinaria대나무의 싹을 죽순(竹筍)이라고 하며 죽순을 감싼 잎을 죽피라고 한다.다른 언어한자: 竹중국어 병음:zhú대나무 또는 죽(竹)은 벼과, 대나무아과의 다년생식물, 상록 식물이다. 대나무는 세계에서 가장 빠르게 자라나는 나무류의 식물이기도 하다. 대나무의 성장속도는(하루 최대 60cm)는 지역의 토양과 기후에 따라 좌우된다. 싹이 난뒤 약 4~5년뒤에는 전부 자라게 되는데, 전부 자란 대나무의 길이는 평균 20m정도 이며, 어떤 대나무는 최고 40m까지 자라기도 한다.대나무족(Bambuseae)미나리아재비
http://ko.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%82%98%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9E%AC%EB%B9%84미나리아재비(문화어: 바구지)는 미나리아재비과에 속하는 여러해살이풀이다. 한국·중국·일본 등지에 분포한다속씨식물(-植物, Angiospermae)은 식물군의 하나로, 대부분 씨방 속에 씨가 들어 있는 특징을 가지고 있다. 개화식물, 피자식물, 꽃식물, 꽃피는 식물이라고도 한다. 속씨식물에 반대되는 개념으로 겉씨식물이 있다.속씨식물문(Angiospermae)
Hak-sing-Hainan Island dialect
Haksaeng-Korean dialect
Student學生
News新聞
Sinboon- Hainan Island dialect for newspaper.
Shinmun-Korean word for newspaper; given 1910 to present day alteration of original 1443 Korean characters by Jap-war-criminals altering Korean Characters to rid Korea of Korean Heritage before 1910 attack on Koreans.
The Min Nan (or "Hokkien") language can trace its roots through the Tang Dynasty. Min Nan (Hokkien) people call themselves "Tang people," (唐人, tn̂g lâng) which is synonymous to "Chinese people". Because of the widespread influence of the Tang culture during the great Tang dynasty, we find today still many Min Nan pronunciations of words
Chheh in Hainan Island dialect of Hokkien
Chaek in Korean
Book冊
閩南語
Old Chinese providence of Hainan Island of Korean roots are of distict Hainanese;
The Qiong Wen variant spoken in the Leizhou peninsula of Guangdong province, as well as Hainan province, which is not mutually intelligible with standard Minnan or Teochew, is classified in some schemes as part of Southern Min and in other schemes as separate.
WuThe Hainan Leaf Warbler (Phylloscopus hainanus) is a species of Old World warbler in thePhylloscopidae family. It is found only in China, in particular, Hainan Province.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.zhi Shan China (Hainan Island's highest mountain; 4th highest mountain of Chinese Providence)
This is a rather small, slim leaf-warbler with vivid green upperparts, prominent yellow and greyish-green head stripes, and warm yellow wing-bars and underparts (2) (3). Both sexes have a similar plumage, but the female is smaller than the male on average (3).
Nanshan Temple (Chinese: 南山寺; pinyin: Nánshānsì; literally "South mountain temple") is aBuddhist temple located in Sanya, Hainan province, People's Republic China.[1][2][3] The temple's name originates from a popular Buddhist expression. (Chinese: 福如东海, 寿比南山; literally "Good fortune is much as the East Sea; longevity is high as Nanshan").[4The Nanshan Cultural Park highlights China's diverse social customs. The key feature of the zone is the three sided statue of Guan Yin Buddha（海上观音 Haǐ shàng guān yīn）, Buddhist Temples, spectacular landscape and sea views. The zone has been designated a Priority Project of China Tourism Development and earmarked for further development. Recently completed, the bronze statue of Guan Yin Buddha stands 108 meters tall on a man made island in the sea just off Nanshan. It's larger than the statue of liberty.[7]Nanshan, with its harmony and beauty, is now a tourist destination attracting more and more tourists coming from all over the world. It is here that people can enjoy themselves not only in the great tropical ecological environment with sunshine, sea, sand, blossom and greenery but also can feel with heart deep within the real beauty of peace and harmony of Buddhism culture and terse the joyfulness of returning to the nature.[8]
The temple was built on April 12, 1988 to commemorate two thousand years of Buddhism in China.[5] It has a total area of 40,000 square metres.[5] It contains several Tang dynasty replicas.The temple is part of an area known as the Nanshan Buddhism Cultural Zone,[4] classified as aAAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration.[6]The zone also consist of the Guan Yin of the South Sea of Sanya statute.[5]
Wuzhi Mountain (Chinese: 五指山; pinyin: Wǔzhǐ Shān; literally "Five Finger Mountain") is the highest mountain in Hainan, China, towering 1,840 metres (6,040 ft) above the center of Hainan Island. The surrounding areas of Wuzhi Mountain are inhabited mainly by the Li ethnic group. It is located adjacent to Wuzhishan City but is not part of that city's administrative area.Various Li myths concern the name for the mountain (Five Finger Mountain) and its formation. One legend has it that the five mountain peaks are the fossilized fingers of a dead Li clan chief. Another tale is that the five peaks are dedicated to the five most powerful Li gods. Numerous historical poems have also been written about the mountain, the most famous of all by the Hainan writer, Qiujun.
Generations of Koreans heard the old saying;
Crowing of Crws(Europeans like French-Gaelic Nomads-Jew Commerce traders that nombarded Asia ) were considered bad luck! On the other hand, Hainan native wabler-sparrow chirping meant good news was on its way.
Hainan Island first entered written Chinese history in 110 BC, when the Han Dynasty established a military garrison there following the arrival of General Lu Bode (路博德). In 46 BC the Han court decided that the conquest was too expensive and abandoned the island. Around that time, Han people together with military personnel and officials began to migrate to Hainan Island from mainland China. Among them were the offspring of those who were banished to Hainan for political reasons. Most of them arrived in Hainan Island from the southern provinces ofGuangdong, Fujian and Guangxi.Li people are the original inhabitants of Hainan. They are believed to be the descendants of the ancient Yue tribes of China, who settled on the island between 7 and 27 thousand years ago.[3]The males are all almost completely black, with sometimes white or buff cheeks. Females, conversely, are a golden or buff color with black patches, including a streak of black on the head.[4] Both males and females are slender, with long arms and legs and no tail.[4] The arms are used to swing from tree to tree, which is known as brachiation. The Hainan gibbon sings duets for bonding and mating.
Korean cartoons of Buddhist monkey character originates from almost extinct Hainan Island species called gibbons that look like monkies; but no tails on Hainan Gibbons!!!
More precious than diamonds; pearls used to be found in Hainan Island.
The name "Hainan" (海南) describes its location south of the Qiongzhou Strait, while the Leizhou Peninsula is also called Haibei (海北) as it is located north of the strait.Hainan Island was once called the Pearl Cliffs (珠崖 Zhūyá), Fine Jade Cliffs (琼崖/瓊崖 Qióngyá), and the Fine Jade Land (瓊州 Qióngzhōu). The latter two names gave rise to the province'sabbreviation, Qióng (琼/瓊), referring to the pearls that were once abundant on the north coast of the island.
The Hainan hare is a solitary animal and active at night or dusk. It does not live in burrows, but hides in bushes. It likes to live in flat, cool land with many bushes.
Hainan island native hare-rabbits are Korean Ancestors' favorite depiction of Astrology symbol of Intellect; and generations of Korean elders spoke of visioning Hainan Hare stone bin filled medicine being grinded by wooden stick pictured when one looks at the full moon.
The Hainan hare is found in the dry grassland of Western Hainan Island. It does not live in mountains or agricultural land.
The Hainan black crested gibbon or Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus), is a species of gibbonfound only on Hainan Island, China. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the eastern black crested gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) from Hòa Bình and Cao Bằng provinces of Vietnam and Jingxi County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Molecular data, like morphology and call differences, suggests it is a separate species.[3] Its habitat consists of broad-leaved forests and semideciduous monsoon forests.[4] It feeds on ripe, sugar-rich fruit, such as figs (Ficus spp.) and, at times, leaves, and insects.[4]
Hainan_Peacock-pheasants are favored by generations of Koreans before 1910s invasion of Korean penjnsula destroying Korean wealth; the link between Hainan Island- Manchu China- Three Kingdoms of Goguryo Joseon/ Shilla of Kyongsangdo/ Jeolla of Baekje to the Korean diaspora of Siberia Russian deportation of Eastern Russian population of Native Koreans in islands east of Russia....
The Hainan Peacock-Pheasant (Polyplectron katsumatae) is an endangered bird that belongs to the pheasant family Phasianidae. It is endemic to the island of Hainan, China. It is extremely rare.
DescriptionEdit
The bird was long considered a subspecies of Grey Peacock-Pheasant or Polyplectron bicalcaratum. The Hainan Peacock-Pheasant is smaller, and it possesses a short crest and ruff(Johnsgard 1986).[full citation needed] Beebe (1922)[full citation needed] noted various plumage differences between the two and considered them separate species. [1]
The Hainan Partridge (Arborophila ardens) is a species of bird in the Phasianidae family. It isendemic to Hainan Island, China. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowlandforests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Hainan Yellow Lantern Chili is a pepper similar to the scotch bonnet.Hainan White Pine, a species of tree.Cephalotaxus hainanensis is a species of plum-yew
Hainan Island's nearly extinct Siberian Chipmunks are native of Korea!
Siberian Chipmunks (Eutamias Sibiricus Lineatus) are native to Korea
Northern Koreans-Manchu Chinese before 1910s of Goguryo-Joseon Kingdom adored Hainan Island of Southern Chinese Providence and located east of Northern Vietnam;
Chinese White Pine with deer and red-crested crane
; aka Hainan Island White Pines represented pine nuts that were edible/ the year round foliage represented longevity; Cranes and deer are depicted around
Hainan White Pine uniquely origin of Hainan Island.
Legend says that Qiu Sheng (仇生) who lived at the time of King Chengtang of Shang (商成汤王) (reigned 1675-1646 BCE), founder of the Shang Dynasty, was indebted for his longevity to pine-resin.[9] The Shouxing, Chinese God of Longevity (寿星), is usually represented standing at the foot of a pine, while a Fairy-crane perches on a branch of the tree. In traditional pictures of "happiness, honor and longevity", (福禄寿三星), the pine-tree represents longevity,
Hainan Yellow Lantern Chili
Korean use of pepper originates from Island of Hainan!
During the 1920s and 30s, Hainan was a hotbed of Communist activity, especially after a bloody crackdown in Shanghai, the Republic of China in 1927 drove many Communists into hiding. The Communists and the Li natives fought a vigorous guerrilla campaign against the Japanese occupation of Hainan (1939–45), but in retaliation over one third of the male population were killed by the Japanese. Feng Baiju led the Hainan Independent Column of fighters throughout the 1930s and 1940s. After the Japanese surrender in 1945 the Nationalist Party (KMT) re-established control. Hainan was one of the last areas of China controlled by the Republic of China. From March to May 1950, the Landing Operation on Hainan Island captured the island for the Chinese communists. Feng Baiju and his column of guerrilla fighters played an essential role in scouting for the landing operation and coordinated their own offensive from their jungle bases on the island. This allowed the Hainan takeover to be successful where the Jinmen and Dengbuassaults had failed in the previous fall. The takeover was made possible by the presence of a local guerrilla force that was lacking on the islands of Jinmen, Dengbu, and Taiwan. Hence, while many observers of the Chinese civil war thought that the fall of Hainan Island to the Communists would be followed shortly by the fall of Taiwan Island, the lack of any communist guerrilla force on Taiwan Island and its sheer distance from the mainland made this impossible, as did the arrival of the US 7th fleet in the Taiwan Strait after the outbreak of the Korean War in June 25,1950;Sunday.
During the Three Kingdoms Period (184−280), Hainan was the Zhuya Commandery (珠崖郡) under the control of Eastern Wu.At the time of the Song Dynasty (980−1279), Hainan became part of Guangxi, and for the first time large numbers of Han Chinese arrived, settling mostly in the north. Under the Yuan Dynasty(1206–1368) the island became an independent province then in 1370 was placed under the administration of Guangdong by the ruling Ming Dynasty. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, large numbers of Han Chinese from Fujian and Guangdong began migrating to Hainan, pushing the Li into the highlands in the southern half of the island. In the eighteenth century, the Li rebelled against the Qing government, which responded by bringing in mercenaries from theMiao people regions of Guizhou. Many of the Miao settled on the island and their descendants live in the western highlands to this day.In 1906, the Chinese Republican leader Sun Yat-sen proposed that Hainan should become a separate province although this did not happen until 1988.Hainan was historically part of Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces and as such was the Ch'iung-yai or Qiongya Circuit (瓊崖道) under the 1912 establishment of the Republic of China. In 1921, it was planned to become a Special Administrative Region (瓊崖特別行政區); in 1944, it became Hainan Special Administrative Region with 16 counties containing the South China Sea Islands
.For centuries Hainan Island was part of Guangdong Province, but in 1988 the island became part of the newly created Hainan Province (海南省, Hǎinán Shěng).
海 hǎi – sea南 nán – south"South of the Sea [Qiongzhou Strait]
Korean Prez Rhee during division of Korean Peninsula traces his ancestry from North Korea-Manchu China to "Hainan island that rests south of Old China and East of Northern Vietnam!"
Li people are the original inhabitants of Hainan. They are believed to be the descendants of the ancient Yue tribes of China, who settled on the island between 7 and 27 thousand years ago.[3]The Li people mainly reside in the nine cities and counties in the middle and southern part of Hainan – the cities of Sanya, Wuzhishan and Dongfang, the Li autonomous counties of Baisha, Lingshui, Ledong, Changjiang, and the 'Li and Miao Autonomous Counties of Qiongzhong and Baoting'. Some others live elsewhere on Hainan with other ethnic groups in Danzhou, Wanning, Qionghai, Lingshui and Tunchang.The area inhabited by the Li ethnic group totals 18,700 square kilometres (7,200 sq mi), about 55 percent of the province's total.[4]
Under the Wu Kingdom of the Three Kingdoms period, Guangdong was made its own province, the Guang Province, in 226.As time passed, the demographics of what is now Guangdong slowly shifted to (Han) Chinese-dominance, especially during several periods of massive migration from the north during periods of political turmoil and/or nomadic incursions from the fall of the Han Dynasty onwards. For example, internal strife in northern China following the rebellion of An Lushan resulted in a 75% increase in the population of Guangzhou prefecture between 740s-750s and 800s-810s.[7] As more migrants arrived, the local population was gradually assimilated to Han Chinese culture,[8]or displaced. From the tenth to twelfth century, Persian women were to be found in Guangzhou(Canton), some of them in the tenth century like Mei Zhu in the harem of the Emperor Liu Chang, and in the twelfth century large numbers of Persian women lived there, noted for wearing mulitiple earrings and "quarrelsome dispositions".[9][10] Multiple women originating from thePersian Gulf lived in Guangzhou's foreign quarter, they were all called "Persian women" (波斯婦 Po-ssu-fu or Bosifu).[11]Together with Guangxi, Guangdong was made part of Lingnan Circuit (political division Circuit), or Mountain-South Circuit, in 627 during the Tang Dynasty. The Guangdong part of Lingnan Circuit was renamed Guangnan East Circuit guǎng nán dōng lù in 971 during the Song Dynasty(960-1279). "Guangnan East" is the source of "Guangdong".As Mongols from the north engaged in their conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song Dynasty retreated southwards, eventually ending up in today's Guangdong. The Battle of Yamen 1279 in Guangdong marked the end of the Southern Song Dynasty (960-1279).During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, large parts of current Guangdong belonged to JiangxiProvince.[12] Its present name, "Guangdong Province" was given in early Ming Dynasty.Since the 16th century, Guangdong has had extensive trade links with the rest of the world. European merchants coming northwards via the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea, particularly the Portuguese and British, traded extensively through Guangzhou. Macau, on the southern coast of Guangdong, was the first European settlement in 1557.In the 19th century, the opium traded through Guangzhou triggered the First Opium War, opening an era of foreign incursion and intervention in China. In addition to Macau, which was then aPortuguese colony, Hong Kong was ceded to the British, and Kwang-Chou-Wan to the French.Guangdong was also the major port of exit for labourers to Southeast Asia and the West in the 19th century, i.e. United States and Canada. As a result, many overseas Chinese communities have their origins in Guangdong. The Cantonese language therefore has proportionately more speakers among overseas Chinese people than mainland Chinese. Consequently, many Mandarin Chinese words originally of foreign origin come from Cantonese in which borrowing from the original foreign language, for example, the Mandarin word "ningmeng" (檸檬), meaning "Lemon", originated from Cantonese, in which the characters are pronounced as "lìng mung".[13][14] In the US, there is a large number of Chinese who are descendants of immigrants from the city of Taishan (Toisan in Cantonese), who speak a distinctive dialect related to Cantonese called Taishanese (or Toishanese).During the 1850s, the Taiping Rebellion, whose leader Hong Xiuquan was born in Guangdong and received a pamphlet from a Protestant Christian missionary in Guangdong, became a widespread civil war in southern China. Because of direct contact with the West, Guangdong was the center of anti-Manchu and anti-imperialist activity. The generally acknowledged founder of modern China, Sun Yat-sen, was also from Guangdong.During the early 1920s of the Republic of China, Guangdong was the staging area for Kuomintang(KMT) to prepare for the Northern Expedition, an effort to bring the various warlords of China back under the central government. Whampoa Military Academy was built near Guangzhou to train military commanders.In recent years, the province has seen extremely rapid economic growth, aided in part by its close trading links with Hong Kong, which borders it. It is now the province with the highest gross domestic product in China.In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965. Hainan Island was originally part of Guangdong but it was separated as its own province in 1988
广 guǎng - "Wide"东 dōng- "East"Lit. "The Eastern Expanse"
廣東
The name Cantonese is often used, but linguists prefer to reserve that name for the Yue dialect of Guangzhou (Canton) and Hong Kong, which is the prestige dialect. The Cantonese and Taishanese dialects of Yue are spoken by substantial overseas populations in Southeast Asia, Canada, Australia, and the United States.Yue is mutually unintelligible with other varieties of Chinese. They are among the mostconservative varieties with regard to the final consonants and tonal categories of Middle Chinese, but have lost several distinctions in the initial and medial consonants that other dialects have retained.
Yue Chinese, broadly "Cantonese", is its own language, with 70 million speakers. It consists of many closely related dialects native to areas of Guangdong and Guangxi. The pronunciation and vocabulary of Cantonese has also preserved many features of the official language of the Tang dynasty with elements of ancient Yue language.[3] Cantonese is an western word used by westerners to described the native Guangdong people, who are linguistically different from the vast majority of Chinese population.[4] The culture of the Cantonese and history of Nanyueoriginated in Guangdong. Abbreviation of Guangdong(粵/Yue) is an shortened form of Baiyue but carries a different meaning. The Cantonese often call themselves "people of Tang". This is because of the Inter-mixture between native and Han immigrants in Guangdong reached a critical mass of acculturation during the Tang dynasty, creating an new local identity among the Guangdong people.[5]More specifically, Cantonese refers to the prestige dialect of the language native to Guangzhou. This is the language used as a lingua franca, education, media in Hong Kong, Macau, and overseas. Unlike most other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese has semi-official status in Hong Kong and Macau, and has an independent tradition of a written vernacular. Aside from Standard Mandarin, Standard Cantonese is the only other Chinese dialect/language to be internationally known world wide and has its own versions of songs, dramas, movies. Including animations and video games that are dubbed in Cantonese
Cantonese food Dim-sum;
The Cantonese people (simplified Chinese: 广府人; traditional Chinese: 廣府人) are Han Chinesepeople whose ancestral homes are in Guangdong, China.
吉 (hangeul 길,
Japanese shiJitai Simplified 舍 (舌 → 吉).
舍 (hangeul 사,Sah in Korean Pronunciation.
智 (hiragana さとし, romaji Satoshi;Zhi in Old Chinese Surname;means wisdom.)
智 (hangeul 지,means wisdom)
篪
Bamboo flute with 5 finger holes in Korea and 7 hole bamboo flute of old China before 1910s.)
篪 (radical 118 竹+10, 16 strokes, cangjie input 竹竹卜弓 (HHYN), 竹竹卜山 (HHYU),
bamboo ja | 竹
Ji is the pinyin romanization of several Chinese surnames, including 姬 (Jī), the royal surname of the Zhou Dynasty. Other surnames transliterated as Ji include 吉 (Jí) and 己 (Jǐ). Ji is also a variant romanizations of surnames written Chi (e.g., 池) or Zhi (e.g., 智) in pinyin, ancient Chinese king allowed only 12 main surnames .
金剛石 (こんごうせき, kongōseki): diamond
dhttp://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Manchu/Lesson_12_-_The_Manchu_Script
Since1910 to 1953; Zionist led and financed since 1860s Kobe, Jap Jews fleeing Russian Catholics punishing jew human sacrificial rituals killing nonjews LED to Jap Meiji and then by USA-Truman committing genocide of Manchu-Chinese heritage that represented Sematic related right to left horizontal Manchu scripts being eradicated since 1910s; consequently, ManchuChina-Korean Three Kingdoms of Goeguryo-Joseon/Shilla Kyongsahngdo/BaekjeJeolla and Jejudo were eradicated and 1443 Korean writings were altered by Japs to seperate to kin heritage between Manchu Chinese-North Korean Goguryo-Joseon as well as to seperate kin heritage of Manchu Chinese of Goeguryo-Joseon North Korean LeeYi connection to Korean Ancestry.
Today part of Bhutan Burma China India Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mongolia Pakistan Russia Taiwan Tajikistan; Before 1910 invasion of Korean Penjnsula, these were Manchu China providential colonies.
The Qing Dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), also Empire of the Great Qing or Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China.
Qing; Manchu China before 1910 Korean destruction by Jap Meiji;
Today part of Bhutan Burma China India Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Mongolia Pakistan Russia Taiwan Tajikistan; Stone instrument correlates to represent Manchu China before 1910 Jap invasion of Korean peninsula led to destructions from 1910-1953 Genocide of Manchu-China-Korean Three Kingdom Monarchy.
石Eumhun:Sound (hangeul): 석 (revised: seok, McCune-Reischauer: sŏk, Yale: sek)Name (hangeul): 돌(stone; Korean Surname; SuhA sounding stone or qing (磬) (rarely 鸣石 or 响石) is an ancient Chinese musical instrument,[1]usually L-shaped. The set of qing is called bianqing. The shape of such stones was often quoted as description for the reverent ritual pose.[2][3]Important information on qing nomenclature is contained in the Erya dictionary: the large sounding stone was called xiāo 毊, and a solo performance on qing, jiǎn 寋. However, the mentioned names do not have much currency in the classical literature.Qing is mentioned in the Analects as one of the instruments played by Confucius.In the Han dynasty treatises on music, its sound is referred to as "reminding to the monarch about his officers who died while protecting the borders".)
木Eumhun:Sound (hangeul): 목 (revised: mok, McCune-Reischauer: mok, Yale: mok)Name (hangeul): 나무 (revised: namu, McCune-Reischauer: namu, Yale: namu)(나무 목, namu-): wood(as an abbreviation) Thursday;
Yu (Chinese: 敔; pinyin: yǔ) – a wooden percussion instrument carved in the shape of a tiger with a serrated back, played by hitting a stick with an end made of approximately 15 stalks of bamboo on its head three times and across the serrated back once to mark the end of the music
.
,Most yi live in Liangshan, Chuxiong, and Honghe. At the Lizhou archaeological site (Chinese: 礼州遗址) near Xichang of Liangsha dating to 3,000 years ago, many artifacts of the Neolithic Agehave been discovered. Although no evidence proves that these ancient cultures of stone age have direct correlation with modern Yi people, their descendants, local bronze culture, may have had some influence on Yi people, as the ancestors of Yi people had frequent contact and intermarriage with local tribes, such as Dian (Chinese: 滇), Qiong (Chinese: 邛) and Zuo (Chinese: 笮), during their southwards migration from north eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau. Today, the Yi people still call the city of Xichang as ꀒꎂ (Op Rro). In spite of the affix “or-”, the root “dro” is believed by some scholars as related to the tribe Qiong (Chinese: 邛) as the pronunciation is quite close to the ancient pronunciation of Chinese character 邛.During the Han dynasty, the central sovereign of China conquered the valley of Anning River, which is a tributary of Yalong River, and founded a county there named Qiongdu (Chinese: 邛都). The site is Xichang of present day and from that time onwards, Xichang has become the bridge of Chengdu and Kunming across Yi area. Since Han dynasty, Yi people have been involved in thehistory of China. In the north dialect of modern Yi language, Chinese Han is still called ꉌꈲ (Hxie mgat), which is related to the Chinese word 汉家 (pinyin: Hànjiā), which means household of Han.After the Han dynasty, the Shu of the Three Kingdoms conducted several wars against the ancestors of Yi under the lead of Zhuge Liang. They defeated the king of Yi, ꂽꉼ (Mot Hop; Chinese: 孟获) and expanded their conquered territory in Yi area. After that, the Jin Dynasty succeed Shu as the suzerainty of Yi area but with weak control.After the Jin dynasty, central China entered the era of the Southern and Northern Dynasties with frequent wars against the invading nomads from the north and lost its control of Yi and Yi area.Although the Sui dynasty reunited China, it did not retrieve control of Yi but had close communications with Han residential spots scattered within Yi area (most along Anning River). After the Sui dynasty's mere 37 years, the situation continued in Tang dynasty. During Sui and Tang dynasty, the local aborigines of present-day Yunnan and Liangshan were distinguished by Chinese Han as Wuman (Chinese: 乌蛮, meaning black barbarian) and Baiman (Chinese: 白蛮, meaning white barbarian). Some scholars believe that Wuman is the ancestor of modern Yi while Baiman is the ancestor of modern Bai people (Chinese: 白族) of Yunnan.The Wuman and Baiman people founded six independent cities on Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The cities are called Zhao (Chinese: 诏) in Chinese history records with actual meaning of city chieftain. In A.D. 649 the king Xinuluo (Chinese: 细奴逻) of the Mengshe Zhao (Chinese: 蒙舍诏) extended his city's territory into a kingdom in the name of Great Meng (Chinese: 大蒙国). The location of the Great Meng is near the Erhai Lake. Yi people believe the capital of the Great Meng was located in the area of nowaday Weishan county. In the year A.D. 737, with the support of the Tang dynasty of China, King Piluoge (Chinese: 皮罗阁) of the Great Meng united the six cities in succession, establishing a new kingdom. As the Great Meng is the most southern polis of the six, Tang dynasty recorded the united Great Meng as Nanzhao (Chinese: 南诏), which means the city located in the south. Although academic arguments exist, there is a popular view that the royal family of Nanzhao is Yi and the most ministers are Bai. In Weishan county of present days, the saga of King Piluoge is still on every Yi’s lips.Tibet also noted the spring of Nanzhao, which in Tibetan is called Jang. Although Tibet had maintained suzerainty over Nanzhao for decades, Nanzhao finally turned to the Tang dynasty. At the era of King Geluofeng (Chinese 阁罗凤), who was the son of King Piluoge, the Tang dynasty performed three expeditions against Nanzhao to conquer it, but all failed.Nanzhao existed for 165 years until A.D. 902. After 35 years of tangled warfare, Duan Siping (Chinese 段思平) of the Bai birth founded the Kingdom of Dali, succeeding the territory of Nanzhao. Most Yi of that time were under the ruling of Dali. Dali’s sovereign existed for 316 years coterminous with the Song dynasty of central China, until it was conquered by Kublai Khan. During the era of Dali, Yi people lived in the territory of Dali but had little communication with the royalty of Dali.Kublai Khan included Dali in his domain, grouping it with Tibet. The Yuan emperors remained firmly in control of the Yi people and the area they inhabited as part of Kublai Khan's Yunnan Xingsheng (Chinese: 云南行省) at current Yunnan, Guizhou and part of Sichuan. In order to enhance its sovereign over the area, the Yuan dynasty set up a dominion for Yi, Luoluo Xuanweisi (Chinese: 罗罗宣慰司), the name of which means local appeasement government for Lolos. Although technically under the rule of the Yuan emperor, the Yi still had autonomy during the Yuan dynasty. The gulf between aristocrats and the common people increased during this time.During the Ming dynasty the Chinese emperor expedited its cultural assimilation policy in southwestern China, spreading the policy of Gai Tu Gui Liu (Chinese: 改土归流). The governing power of many Yi feudal lords had previously been expropriated by the successors of officials assigned by the central government. With the progress of Gai Tu Gui Liu, the Yi area was dismembered into many communities both large and small, and it was difficult for the communities to communicate with each other as there were often Han-ruled areas between them.The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty defeated Wu Sangui and took over the land of Yunnan and established a provincial government there. When Ortai became the Viceroy of Yunnan and Guizhou during the era of Yongzheng Emperor, the policy of Gai Tu Gui Liu and cultural assimilation against Yi were strengthened. Under these policies, Yi who lived near Kunming were forced to abandon their convention of traditional cremation and adopt burial, a policy which triggered rebellions among the Yi. The Qing dynasty suppressed these rebellions.After the Second Opium War (1856–1860), many Christian missionaries from France and Great Britain visited the area in which the Yi lived. Although some missionaries believed that Yi of some areas such as Liangshan were not under the ruling of Qing dynasty and should be independent, most aristocrats insisted that Yi was a part of China despite their resentment against Qing rule.Long Yun, a Yi, was the military governor of Yunnan, during the Republic of China rule on mainland China.After the establishment of the PRC, several Yi autonomous administrative districts of prefecture or county level were set up in Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou. With the development of automotive traffic and telecommunications, the communications among different Yi areas have been increasing sharply.
Opium War where French and British Jew Merchants greed over Opium trade refused by Yi clan led to eventual plot to destroy Korean-Manchu Old Chinese reign in Asia before 1910s; Strict medical use of Opium productions and silk manufacture made Vietnam side with French in splitting from strict Korean -Manchu Chinese ruling; Similarly- European influenced asian colonies revolted and led to Jap invasion of Korea as of 1910s that rewrote Asisn territorial history since 1910-1953 destruction/genocide by Jap-USA-French-Russian Jew/Oryodox Catholics plotted Korean-Manchu-Old China to eradication mirroring Eradicated destruction of Grrek/Roman Empire.
絲silk;번데기 (beondegi)A pupa or pupae.A snack food composed of roasted silkworm pupae.
竹Eumhun:Sound (hangeul): 죽 (revised: juk, McCune-Reischauer: chuk, Yale: cwuk)Name (hangeul): 대(name;
Bamboo;MABU-single reed bamboo flute is played by Yi people ; Korean-Manchu diaspora of modern Tibet.
The Eight Sounds or Eight TonesEdit
Chinese musical instruments were traditionally classified into 8 categories known as bayin (八音).[1] The eight categories are: silk, bamboo, wood, stone, metal, clay, gourd and hide. There are other instruments which may not fit these classifications. This is one of the first musical classifications ever.
Silk (絲)
Silk instruments are mostly stringed instruments (including those that are plucked, bowed, and struck). Since ancient times the Chinese have used twisted silk for strings, though today metal or nylon are more frequently used. Instruments in the silk category include:
Plucked
Guqin (Chinese: 古琴; pinyin: gǔqín) – 7-stringed zithertakim (Chinese: 瑟; pinyin: sè) – 25-stringed zither with moveable bridges (ancient sources say 13, 25 or 50 strings)Guzheng (古箏) – 16–26 stringed zither with movable bridgesKonghou (箜篌) – harpPipa (琵琶) – pear-shaped fretted lute with 4 or 5 stringsSanxian (三弦) – plucked lute with body covered with snakeskin and long fretless neckRuan (Chinese: 阮; pinyin: ruǎn) – moon-shaped lute in five sizes: gaoyin-, xiao-, zhong-, da-, and diyin-; sometimes called ruanqin (阮琴)Liuqin (柳琴) – small plucked, fretted lute with a pear-shaped body and four stringsYueqin (月琴) – plucked lute with a wooden body, a short fretted neck, and four strings tuned in pairsQinqin (秦琴) – plucked lute with a wooden body and fretted neck; also called meihuaqin (梅花琴, literally "plum blossom instrument", from its flower-shaped body)Duxianqin (simplified Chinese: 独弦琴; traditional Chinese: 獨弦琴) – the instrument of Jing People (Vietnamese people in China) plucked zither with only one string.
Bowed
Re-enactment of an ancient traditional music performanceHuqin (胡琴) – family of vertical fiddlesErhu (二胡) – two-stringed fiddleZhonghu (中胡) – two-stringed fiddle, lower pitch than erhuGaohu (高胡) – two-stringed fiddle, higher pitch than erhu; also called yuehu (粤胡)Banhu (板胡) – two-stringed fiddle with a coconut resonator and wooden face, used primarily in northern ChinaJinghu (京胡) – two-stringed fiddle, very high pitched, used mainly for Beijing operaJing erhu (京二胡) – erhu used in Beijing operaErxian (二弦) – two-stringed fiddle, used in Cantonese, Chaozhou, and nanguan musicTiqin (提琴) – two-stringed fiddle, used in kunqu, Chaozhou, Cantonese, Fujian, and Taiwanese musicYehu (椰胡) – two-stringed fiddle with coconut body, used primarily in Cantonese and Chaozhou musicDaguangxian (大广弦) – two-stringed fiddle used in Taiwan and Fujian, primarily by Min Nan and Hakka people; also called datongxian (大筒弦), guangxian (广弦), and daguanxian (大管弦)Datong (大筒) – two-stringed fiddle used in the traditional music of HunanKezaixian (壳仔弦) – two-stringed fiddle with coconut body, used in Taiwan operaLiujiaoxian (六角弦) – two-stringed fiddle with hexagonal body, similar to the jing erhu; used primarily in TaiwanTiexianzai (鐵弦仔) – a two-stringed fiddle with metal amplifying horn at the end of its neck, used in Taiwan; also called guchuixian (鼓吹弦)Hexian (和弦) – large fiddle used primarily among the Hakka of TaiwanHuluqin (葫芦琴) – two-stringed fiddle with gourd body used by the Naxi of YunnanHuluhu (simplified Chinese: 葫芦胡; traditional Chinese: 葫盧胡) – two-stringed fiddle with gourd body used by the Zhuang of GuangxiMaguhu (simplified Chinese: 马骨胡; traditional Chinese: 馬骨胡; pinyin: mǎgǔhú) – two-stringed fiddle with horse bone body used by the Zhuang and Buyei peoples of southern ChinaTuhu (土胡) – two-stringed fiddle used by the Zhuang people of GuangxiJiaohu (角胡) – two-stringed fiddle used by the Gelao people of Guangxi, as well as the Miao and DongSihu (四胡) – four-stringed fiddle with strings tuned in pairsSanhu (三胡) – 3-stringed erhu with an additional bass string; developed in the 1970s [1]Zhuihu (simplified Chinese: 坠胡; traditional Chinese: 墜胡) – two-stringed fiddle with fingerboardZhuiqin (traditional: 墜琴; simplified: 坠琴) – two-stringed fiddle with fingerboardLeiqin (雷琴) – two-stringed fiddle with fingerboardDihu (低胡) – low pitched two-stringed fiddles in the erhu family, in three sizes:Xiaodihu (小低胡) – small dihu, tuned one octave below the erhuZhongdihu (中低胡) – medium dihu, tuned one octave below the zhonghuDadihu (大低胡) – large dihu, tuned two octaves below the erhuDahu (大胡) – another name for the xiaodihuCizhonghu – another name for the xiaodihuGehu (革胡) – four-stringed bass instrument, tuned and played like celloDiyingehu (低音革胡) – four stringed contrabass instrument, tuned and played like double bassLaruan (拉阮) – four-stringed bowed instrument modeled on the celloPaqin (琶琴) – modern bowed instrumentDapaqin (大琶琴) – bass paqinDixianqin (低絃琴)Niutuiqin or niubatui (牛腿琴 or 牛巴腿) – two-stringed fiddle used by the Dong people of GuizhouMatouqin (馬頭琴) – (Mongolian: morin khuur) – Mongolian two-stringed "horsehead fiddle"Xiqin (奚琴) – ancient prototype of huqin family of instrumentsYazheng (simplified: 轧筝; traditional: 軋箏) – bowed zither; also called yaqin (simplified: 轧琴; traditional: 軋琴)Zhengni (筝尼) – bowed zither; used by the Zhuang people of GuangxiAijieke (艾捷克) – four-stringed bowed instrument used in Xinjiang; similar to kamancheh [2]Sataer (萨它尔) – long-necked bowed lute used in Xinjiang
Struck
Yangqin – a Chinese dulcimer.Zhu – an ancient instrument no longer used.
Bamboo (竹)Edit
A half-section of the Song Dynasty (960–1279) version of the Night Revels of Han Xizai, original by Gu Hongzhong;[2] the female musicians in the center of the image are playing transverse bamboo flutes and guan, and the male musician is playing a wooden clapper called paiban.Dizi, also known as di (笛) or hengdi (橫笛), and has varieties including qudi (曲笛) and bangdi (梆笛).[3]A Bawu in the key of F[4]Bamboo mainly refers to woodwind instruments, which includes;
Flutes
Dizi (笛子) – transverse bamboo flute with buzzing membraneXiao (簫) – bamboo flute not unlike the recorderXindi – modern derivative of dizi.
Oboes
Guan (Chinese: 管; pinyin: guǎn) – cylindrical double reed wind instrument made of either hardwood (Northern China) or bamboo (Cantonese); the northern version is also called guanzi (管子) or bili (traditional: 篳篥; simplified: 筚篥), the Cantonese version is also called houguan (喉管), and the Taiwanese version is called 鸭母哒仔, 鴨母笛, or Taiwan guan (台湾管)Suona (simplified Chinese: 唢呐; traditional Chinese: 嗩吶) – double-reed wind instrument with a flaring metal bell; also called haidi (海笛)
Free reed pipes
Bawu (simplified Chinese: 巴乌; traditional Chinese: 巴烏; pinyin: bāwū) – side-blown free reed pipe with finger holesMangtong (芒筒; pinyin: mángtǒng) – end-blown free reed pipe producing a single pitch
Single reed pipes
Mabu (马布) – single-reed bamboo pipe played by the Yi people
Wood (木)Edit
Most wood instruments are of the ancient variety:Zhu (Chinese: 柷; pinyin: zhù) – a wooden box that tapers from the top to the bottom, played by hitting a stick on the inside, used to mark the beginning of music in ancient ritual musicYu (Chinese: 敔; pinyin: yǔ) – a wooden percussion instrument carved in the shape of a tiger with a serrated back, played by hitting a stick with an end made of approximately 15 stalks of bamboo on its head three times and across the serrated back once to mark the end of the musicMuyu (simplified Chinese: 木鱼; traditional Chinese: 木魚; pinyin: mùyú) – a rounded woodblock carved in the shape of a fish, struck with a wooden stick; often used in Buddhist chantingThis is a set of muyus or Chinese wooden slit drums. The sound produced is affected by the instrument’s size, type of wood, and how hollow it is.Paiban (拍板) – a clapper made from several flat pieces of wood; also called bǎn (板), tánbǎn(檀板), mùbǎn (木板), or shūbǎn (书板); when used together with a drum the two instruments are referred to collectively as guban (鼓板)Zhuban (竹板, a clapper made from two pieces of bamboo)Chiban (尺板)Bangzi (梆子) – small, high-pitched woodblock; called qiaozi (敲子) or qiaoziban (敲子板) in TaiwanNan bangzi (南梆子)Hebei bangzi (河北梆子)Zhui bangzi (墜梆子)Qin bangzi (秦梆子)
Stone (石)Edit
The "stone" category comprises various forms of stone chimes.Bianqing (simplified Chinese: 编磬; traditional Chinese: 編磬; pinyin: biānqìng) – a rack of stone tablets that are hung by ropes from a wooden frame and struck using a malletTezhong (特鐘) – a single large stone tablet hung by a rope in a wooden frame and struck using a malletSounding stone or Qing (磬)
Metal (金)Edit
Bianzhong (編鐘) – 16 to 65 bronze bells hung on a rack, struck using polesFangxiang (simplified Chinese: 方响; traditional Chinese: 方響; pinyin: fāngxiǎng; Wade–Giles: fang hsiang) – set of tuned metal slabs (metallophone)Nao (musical instrument) (鐃) – may refer to either an ancient bell or large cymbalsShangnao (商鐃) – ancient bellphotoBo (鈸; also called chazi, 镲子) –Xiaobo (小鈸, small cymbals)Zhongbo (中鈸, medium cymbals; also called naobo (鐃鈸) or zhongcuoShuibo (水鈸, literally "water cymbals")Dabo (大鈸, large cymbals)Jingbo (京鈸)Shenbo (深波) – deep, flat gong used in Chaozhou music; also called gaobian daluo (高边大锣)Luo (simplified Chinese: 锣; traditional Chinese: 鑼; pinyin: luó) – gongDaluo (大锣) – a large flat gong whose pitch drops when struck with a padded malletFengluo (风锣) – literally "wind gong," a large flat gong played by rolling or striking with a large padded malletXiaoluo (小锣) – a small flat gong whose pitch rises when struck with the side of a flat wooden stickYueluo (月锣) – small pitched gong held by a string in the palm of the hand and struck with a small stick; used in Chaozhou musicJingluo (镜锣) – a small flat gong used in the traditional music of Fujian [3]Pingluo (平锣) – a flat gong[5]Kailuluo (开路锣)Yunluo (simplified Chinese: 云锣; traditional Chinese: 雲鑼) – literally "cloud gongs"; 10 or more small tuned gongs in a frameShimianluo (十面锣) – 10 small tuned gongs in a frameQing (磬) – a cup-shaped bell used in Buddhist and Daoist ritual musicDaqing (大磬) – large qingPengling (碰铃; pinyin: pènglíng) – a pair of small bowl-shaped finger cymbals or bells connected by a length of cord, which are struck togetherDangzi (铛子) – a small, round, flat, tuned gong suspended by being tied with silk string in a round metal frame that is mounted on a thin wooden handlephoto; also called dangdang (铛铛)Yinqing (引磬) – an inverted small bell affixed to the end of a thin wooden handlephotoYunzheng (云铮) – a small flat gong used in the traditional music of Fujian [4]Chun (錞; pinyin: chún) – ancient bellphotoWeichun (帷錞) – ancient hanging bellBronze drum (铜鼓)Laba (喇叭) – A long, straight, valveless brass trumpet
Clay (土)Edit
Xun (埙, Chinese: 塤; pinyin: xūn) – ocarina made of baked clayFou (Chinese: 缶; pinyin: fǒu) – clay pot played as a percussion instrument
Gourd (匏)Edit
Sheng (Chinese: 笙; pinyin: shēng) – free reed mouth organ consisting of varying number of bamboo pipes inserted into a metal (formerly gourd or hardwood) chamber with finger holesBaosheng (抱笙) – larger version of the ShengYu (Chinese: 竽; pinyin: yú) – ancient free reed mouth organ similar to the sheng but generally largerHe (Chinese: 和; pinyin: he) – ancient free reed mouth organ similar to the sheng but smallerHulusi (simplified Chinese: 葫芦丝; traditional Chinese: 葫蘆絲; pinyin: húlúsī) – free-reed wind instrument with three bamboo pipes which pass through a gourd wind chest; one pipe has finger holes and the other two are drone pipes; used primarily in Yunnan provinceHulusheng (simplified Chinese: 葫芦笙; traditional Chinese: 葫蘆笙; pinyin: húlúshēng) – free-reed mouth organ with a gourd wind chest; used primarily in Yunnan province
Hide (革)Edit
A Chaozhou dagu (large drum)A Chinese Bolang Gu[6]Dagu – (大鼓) – large drum played with two sticksHuapengu (花盆鼓) – flowerpot-shaped large drum played with two sticks; also calledganggu (缸鼓)Huzuo Dagu (虎座大鼓)Huzuo Wujia Gu (虎座鳥架鼓)Jian'gu (建鼓)Bangu (板鼓) – small, high pitched drum used in Beijing operaBiangu (扁鼓) – flat drum, played with sticksPaigu (排鼓) – set of three to seven tuned drums played with sticksTanggu (堂鼓) – medium-sized barrel drum played with two sticks; also called tonggu (同鼓) orxiaogu (小鼓)Biqigu (荸荠鼓) – a very small drum played with one stick, used in Jiangnan sizhuDiangu (点鼓; also called huaigu, 怀鼓) – a double-headed frame drum played with a single wooden beater; used in the Shifangu ensemble music of Jiangsu province and to accompany tokunqu operaHuagu (花鼓) – flower drumYaogu (腰鼓) – waist drumTaipinggu (太平鼓) – flat drum with a handle; also called dangu (单鼓)Zhangu (战鼓 or 戰鼓) – war drum; played with two sticksBajiao gu (八角鼓) – octagonal tambourine used primarily in narrative singing from northern China zh:八角鼓Yanggegu (秧歌鼓) – rice planting drumGaogu (鼛鼓) – large ancient drum used to for battlefield commands and large-scale constructionBofu (搏拊) – ancient drum used to set tempoJiegu (羯鼓) – hourglass-shaped drum used during the Tang DynastyTao (鼗; pinyin: táo) or taogu (鼗鼓) – a pellet drum used in ritual musicBolang Gu (波浪鼓；pinyin: bo lang gu）-a traditional Chinese pellet drum and toy
OthersEdit
Gudi (骨笛) – an ancient flute made of bone[7]Hailuo (海螺) – conch shell [5]Lilie (唎咧) – reed wind instrument with a conical bore played by the Li people of HainanLusheng (simplified Chinese: 芦笙; traditional Chinese: 蘆笙; pinyin: lúshēng) – free-reed mouth organ with five or six pipes, played by various ethnic groups in southwest China and neighboring countriesKouxian (口弦) – jaw harp, made of bamboo or metalMuye (木叶) – tree leaf used as a wind instrument
Given;
-The European account
-Before Jesus Christ; biblically refer to the Noah's three sons; Ham of Africa, Shem of Russia-Asia, Jepheth of Europe.
- Just as Greek-Egyptian-Romans in European history of Ancient Western History...
-Asia was of Russia-Old China reigned by Manchu-Koreans!
- Korean ancestors among Chinese providence ruled Vietnam before killing spree led to Koreans in Vietnam flee to Northern Manchu-Korea.
-Vietnam-North Vietnam was property of Koreans ! KOREANS DID NOT COME FROM VIETNAM! VIETNAM was reigned by Old Chinese rulers!!!! Just like USA was made up of European refugees that stole properties from Native Indians living in North America before USA took shape by European refugees!
Just like ostrocized British sent to Australia took over properties from native Abriginal Population; Brithish outcasts in Australia committed genocide of " Abriginal Stolen Generation" in Australia; Korean-Manchu-Old China before 1910 attack were destroyed by Russian Catholics feuding Zionist Jews seeking property encroachment for jew colonies. Basically Jap sold its Asian neighbors like Old China-Manchu-Korea to the Europeans wanting to control Asia for access to Middle East Israel Establishment.
- DNA wise; Old China-Manchu Korea alliance collapsed by 1910 attack by zionist in Kobe,Jap financially funding Meiji Jap Militia.
- Asian properties since 1910 to modern day proves the European thieves that partook in destroying Manchu-Korean and Old Chinese territories since 1910.
- Koreans have ancient roots to Siberia-Eastern Russian islands and Eastern Russian lands closest to Ancient Manchu China before 1910s. Koreans have Native Indian roots to Russian Eskimos and influences of Turkey-Shem Jewish encroachment.
- Koreans of Baekje, Shilla, Joseon Kingdoms have ancient folktale preference to; Siberian Tigers, Chinese Siberia Cranes, Russian bear of Roma Gypsy Wanderers, Foxes of double cossing-backstabbing Japs, Turtle shaped battle ships of Korean General Yi, Buddhist Monkey of Sri Lanka, and references to crysenthunum flowers that represented Korean 3 Kingdom Seal that is also used by Romani Gypsies, and the eight instruments of ancient China before 1910s reflect the eight symbols of Korean flag before Japs altered Korean Writing as well as Korean Flag since 19110 Jap invasion of Korean peninsula.
- North Vietnam was ruled by Koreans before Koreans fled Vietnam due to murders. Vietnam's similarity roots to Korean heritage was masked when South Vietnam recruited Europeans.
-Undeniable that French took North Vietnam until 1954...given Northern Korea given to Russia as USA took S.Korea; all the while Zionist Jew of Kobe,Jap since 1860s fought Russia over territorial disputes of islands adjacent to Manchu China of Old Chinese Era.
- All asian colonies of Ancient China-Manchu Korea begore 1910s have been stolen by France, Britain, Russia, USA.
-Korean DNA originated from Manchu-Old Chinese to Native Eskimos of Siberia-Eastern Russia-Native Acadian Indians of Eastern Canada to Alaska and western Wa Native North American Indian tribes!
- All Asian countries like Vietnam, Japan, China since its 1911 establishment have Korean-Manchu Chinese influence when Korean ancestors occupied its colonies before 1910s!
-Historical establishments of Modern Countries in Asia as of 1910 are controlled by USA/Russia/France/Jap controlling Zionist Jews fighting Anglo Russian Catholics as well as French-Italian-Greek Christians .
Note; 18th century records of Jews in Kobe, Japan funding Jap militia...repeated proof in history of Jews in Japan correkating Jap favoritism versus genocide of Manchu Chinese and Koreans;
Jewish Refugees Leaving Japan for Other Safe Havens, 1941 (PDF 8.86 MB): These lists detail refugees who, after finding refuge in Japan from Nazism, are leaving Japan for Australia, Canada, USA, Burma, South Africa, Palestine, and South America. Included are names, nationalities, dates, Japanese ports of departure and destinations. A Refugee Aid Committee was formed in Japan in 1939, with JDC migration offices opening in 1940.German Refugees Receiving JDC Aid in Japan, 1941 (PDF 1.45 MB): This is a 1941 list of German and Austrian refugees stranded in Japan. Funds for their support are drawn from the JDC Germany budget. Included are names, cities of origin in Germany, and ages.European Refugees Receiving JDC Aid in Japan, Including Information on Overseas Relatives, 1941 (Part I 7.98 MB; Part II 6.18 MB) The Jewish community in Kobe, Japan compiled this list of European refugees and their relatives overseas, so that JDC can solicit aid from family members. Included are names, ages, birth information, profession, citizenship of refugees, as well as the names and addresses of relatives abroad. In the 1940-1941 period, JDC allocated more than $158, 284 to refugees in Japan.Yeshiva Students Receiving JDC Aid in Wartime Japan, 1941 (PDF 3.00 MB): Lists of students, organized by yeshiva, receiving JDC aid in wartime Japan. Included are the Mirer, Kamieniecer, Slonimer, Ostrów Mazowiecka, Klecker, Radiner, Telser, Nowogrodker, Lucker, Warschauer, Reverends and Lubavitcher Yeshivas. Names, ages, birth data, profession and citizenship, as well as names and addresses of relatives abroad, are listed. From 1940-1941 JDC allocated more than $158,284 to refugees in Japan.List of Refugees Arriving in Japan and Receiving JDC Aid, 1941 (PDF 8.61 MB): These 1941 lists detail Polish and German Jewish refugee subjects, as well as refugees from other locales, arriving in Kobe, Japan in 1940-1941. Included are names, ages, birthplace, profession, date of arrival in Japan, destination and date of departure. With the heavy refugee influx, community groups turned to JDC for aid. A Refugee Aid Committee was formed in Japan in 1939, with JDC migration offices opening in 1940.Guarantees from the Mirrer and Lubavitcher Yeshivas in Support of Students Finding Safe Havens in Canada or Other Friendly Countries, 1941 (PDF 4.76 MB): These are lists from the Mirrer and Lubavitcher Yeshiva representatives of their students and faculty who are refugees in Kobe and Shanghai. The Yeshivas are guaranteeing their support of $8/per month for each faculty member and student, and JDC is seeking countries of safe haven for these refugees.
MesopotamiaStandard of Cyrus the GreatAchaemenid territorial expansion and greatest extent.CapitalBabylon,[1] Pasargadae, Ecbatana, Susa,PersepolisLanguagesPersian,[a] Aramaic,[b] Akkadian,[2] Median,Elamite, Sumerian[c]ReligionZoroastrianism, Babylonian[3]GovernmentFeudal MonarchyShahanshah - 559–529 BCCyrus the GreatMesopotamia (from the Ancient Greek: Μεσοποταμία: "[land] between rivers"; Arabic: بلاد الرافدين (bilād al-rāfidayn); Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ (Beth Nahrain): "land of rivers") is a name for the area of theTigris–Euphrates river system, corresponding to modern-day Iraq, the northeastern section ofSyria and to a much lesser extent southeastern Turkey, smaller parts of southwestern Iran andKuwait.Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization in the West, Bronze Age Mesopotamia includedSumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, all native to the territory of modern-day Iraq. In the Iron Age, it was controlled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. The indigenous Sumerians and Akkadians (including Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. It fell to Alexander the Great in 332 BC, and after his death, it became part of the Greek Seleucid Empire.Around 150 BC, Mesopotamia was under the control of the Parthians. Mesopotamia became a battleground between the Romans and Parthians, with parts of Mesopotamia coming under ephemeral Roman control. In AD 226, it fell to the Sassanid Persians and remained under Persian rule until the 7th-century Arab Islamic conquest of the Sassanid Empire. A number of primarily neo Assyrian and Christian native Mesopotamian states existed between the 1st century BC and 3rd century AD, including Adiabene, Osroene, and Hatra.The tomb of Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire of Iran.Historical eraClassical antiquity - Persian Revolt550 BC - Conquest of Lydia547 BC - Conquest of Babylon539 BC - Conquest of Egypt525 BC - Greco-Persian Wars499–449 BChttp://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire
North Korean Population are War-Victims.
6.11.13
Friday; Korean Jew diaspora from Iran-South Mesopotamia-Egypt-Kaifeng-Nanking-Nara-Siberia-Manchu-French colony of North Vietnam;Korean Ancestry of Chinese-Hainan Island Korean roots to Old Manchu Korean 3kingdom Era; Korea during reign over Old Chinese territories also reigned Northern Vietnam before forced retreat to Northern Korea...Vietnamese were ruled by Koreans before Koreans were forced to retreat! Awareness-North Koreans are War-Victims. Free North Koreans!Nazi-Hitler & Kobe, Jap Meiji Militia funded by Jews
