Before 1910; Siberian Cranes were mentioned.
A Korean translated book of Du Fu's poems, 1481( 1481 original Korean )
In 746, he moved to the capital in an attempt to resurrect his official career. He took the civil service exam a second time during the following year, but all the candidates were failed by theprime minister (apparently in order to prevent the emergence of possible rivals). He never again attempted the examinations, instead petitioning the emperor directly in 751, 754 and probably again in 755. He married around 752, and by 757 the couple had had five children—three sons and two daughters—but one of the sons died in infancy in 755. From 754 he began to have lung problems (probably asthma), the first of a series of ailments which dogged him for the rest of his life. It was in that year that Du Fu was forced to move his family due to the turmoil of a famine brought about by massive floods in the region.[1]In 755, he received an appointment as Registrar of the Right Commandant's office of the Crown Prince's Palace.[15] Although this was a minor post, in normal times it would have been at least the start of an official career. Even before he had begun work, however, the position was swept away by events.
Most of what is known of Du Fu's life comes from his poems. His paternal grandfather was Du Shenyan, a noted politician and poet during the reign of Empress Wu. Du Fu was born in 712; the exact birthplace is unknown, except that it was near Luoyang, Henan province (Gong county is a favourite candidate). In later life, he considered himself to belong to the capital city of Chang'an, ancestral hometown of the Du family.[6]Du Fu's mother died shortly after he was born, and he was partially raised by his aunt. He had an elder brother, who died young. He also had three half brothers and one half sister, to whom he frequently refers in his poems, although he never mentions his stepmother.[6]The son of a minor scholar-official, his youth was spent on the standard education of a future civil servant: study and memorisation of the Confucian classics of philosophy, history and poetry. He later claimed to have produced creditable poems by his early teens, but these have been lost.[7]
두보; Han Philosopher
Just as jew-biblical account of Adam and Eve procreating to generations of evil corrupt misfits requiring genocide by flooding save the Noah and his three sons ruling the world
Is told in abridged Chinese Version of A flood leaving a brother and sister who commits incest to populate China.
Then jew-biblical account of Moses receiving tablets of ten commendments from G-d;
Chinese version mentions Turtle (aka dragon) that gave the brother ( given flood only left a brother and a sister as sole survivors) Eight element triagram-map.
Fu Xi is said to have lived for 197 years altogether and died at a place called Chen (modernHuaiyang, Henan), where a monument to him can still be found and visited as a tourist attraction.[1]
Fu Xi taught his subjects to cook, to fish with nets, and to hunt with weapons made of iron. He instituted marriage and offered the first open-air sacrifices to heaven. A stone tablet, dated 160 CE, shows Fu Xi with Nüwa.Traditionally, Fu Xi is considered the originator of the I Ching (also known as the Yi Jing or Zhou Yi), which work is attributed to his reading of the He Map (or the Yellow River Map). According to this tradition, Fu Xi had the arrangement of the trigrams (八卦 bāgùa) of the I Ching revealed to him supernaturally. This arrangement precedes the compilation of the I Ching during the Zhou dynasty. He is said to have discovered the arrangement in markings on the back of a mythicaldragon horse (sometimes said to be a turtle) that emerged from the Luo River. This discovery is said to have been the origin of calligraphy. Fu Xi is also credited with the invention of the Guqinmusical instrument, though credit for this is also given to Shennong and Huangdi.
The eight symbols of Chinese Trigrams were on Korean flag before Jap alteration led to modern day modification of original pre1910 Korean Flag.
The bagua (Chinese: 八卦; literally "eight symbols") are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmologyto represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either "broken" or "unbroken," representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as "trigrams" in English.The trigrams are related to taiji philosophy, taijiquan and the wu xing, or "five elements".[1] The relationships between the trigrams are represented in two arrangements, the Primordial (先天八卦), "Earlier Heaven"[2] or "Fuxi" bagua (伏羲八卦), and the Manifested (後天八卦), "Later Heaven,"[2] or "King Wen" bagua. The trigrams have correspondences in astronomy, astrology,geography, geomancy, anatomy, the family, and elsewhere.[3][4]The ancient Chinese classic I Ching consists of the 64 possible pairs of trigrams (called "hexagrams") and commentary on them.八卦 Bāguà—The eight trigrams乾 Qián☰兌 Duì☱離 Lí☲震 Zhèn☳巽 Xùn☴坎 Kǎn☵艮 Gèn☶坤 Kūn☷Heaven/SkyLake/MarshFireThunderWindWaterMountainEarth天 Tiān澤(泽) Zé火 Huǒ雷 Léi風(风) Fēng水 Shuǐ山 Shān地 Dì
Chinese version differs from Jew-bible version; instead of Adam and Eve leading to generations of evil making it necessary for Noah's Flooding of Genocidal catastrophe sparing three sons to reign over Africa/ Asia /Europe; Chinese combined the flooding of earth that spared a brother and his sister whom commits incest in populating China.
In Chinese mythology, Fu Xi (Fuxi) or Fu Hsi (Fu-hsi) (Chinese: 伏羲; pinyin: Fúxī; Wade–Giles: Fu2-hsi1), also known as Paoxi or Pao-hsi (simplified Chinese: 庖牺; traditional Chinese: 庖犧;pinyin: Páoxī; Wade–Giles: Pao2-hsi1), reigned during the mid-29th century BCE. He was the first of the Three Sovereigns (三皇 Sānhuáng) of ancient China and is a culture hero reputed to be the inventor of writing, fishing, and trapping. However, Cangjie is also said to have invented writing.
Early lifeEdit
Fu Xi was born on the lower-middle reaches of the Yellow River in a place called Chengji (possibly modern Lantian, Shaanxi province or Tianshui, Gansu province).[1]
Creation legendEdit
According to legend, the land was swept by a great flood and only Fu Xi and his sister Nüwasurvived. They retired to the mythological Kunlun Mountain, where they prayed for a sign from the Emperor of Heaven. The divine being approved their union and the siblings set about procreating the human race. In order to speed up the process, Fu Xi and Nüwa used clay to create human figures, and with the power divine entrusted to them made the clay figures come alive.[1] Fu Xi then came to rule over his descendants, although reports of his long reign vary between sources, from 115 years (2852–2737 BCE) to 116 years (2952–2836 BCE).
Lie Yukou was born in the State of Zheng, near today's Zhengzhou, Henan Province.There is little historical evidence of Lie Yukou as a Hundred Schools of Thought philosopher during the Warring States period. This could be due to the burning of books and burying of scholars which occurred during the reign of Qin Shi Huang. However, some scholars believe that the Zhuangzi invented him as a Daoist exemplar. Frederic H. Balfour, who translated several Daoist texts, called Liezi "a philosopher who never lived" (1887:?) Lionel Giles expresses doubt in his Introduction:Very little is known of our author beyond what he tells us himself. His full name was Lieh Yü-k'ou, and it appears that he was living in the Chêng State not long before the year 398 BC, when the Prime Minister Tzu Yang was killed in a revolution. He figures prominently in the pages ofChuang Tzu, from whom we learn that he could 'ride upon the wind'. On the insufficient ground that he is not mentioned by the historian Ssu-ma Ch'ien, a certain critic of the Sung dynastywas led to declare that Lieh Tzu was only a fictitious personage invented by Chuang Tzu, and that the treatise which passes under his name was a forgery of later times. This theory is rejected by the compilers of the great Catalogue of Ch'ien Lung's Library, who represent the cream of Chinese scholarship in the eighteenth century.
Huang Chao headed toward Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian) and had his general Meng Kai (孟楷) attack Fengguo's capital Cai Prefecture. The military governor of Fengguo, Qin Zongquan, was defeated by Meng, and reacted by opening the city gates, submitting to Huang, and joining Huang's forces. Meng, after defeating Qin, attacked Chen Prefecture (陳州, in modern Zhoukou, Henan), but was surprised by a counterattack by Zhao Chou the prefect of Chen Prefecture and killed in battle. Angered by Meng's death, Huang led his and Qin's forces and put Chen Prefecture under siege, but could not capture it despite a nearly 300-day siege. With his army low on food supplies, he allowed them to roam the nearby countryside, seizing humans and using them for food.[15]Meanwhile, in spring 884, fearing that they would become Huang's next target, Zhou Ji, Shi Puthe military governor of Ganhua Circuit, and Zhu Wen (whose name had been changed to Zhu Quanzhong by that point and who was the Tang military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), jointly sought aid from Li Keyong, who had been made the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). Li Keyong thus headed south to aid them. After Li Keyong joined forces with forces sent by Zhou, Zhu, Shi, and Qi Kerang, they attacked and defeated Shang Rang at Taikang (太康, in modern Zhoukou) and Huang Siye at Xihua (西華, in modern Zhoukou as well). Huang Chao, in fear, lifted the siege on Chen and withdrew. With his encampments being destroyed in a flood, Huang Chao decided to head toward Xuanwu's capital Bian Prefecture. While Zhu was able to repel Huang's initial attacks, he sought emergency aid from Li Keyong. Li Keyong, catching Huang about to cross the Yellow River north, launched an attack at Wangman Crossing (王滿渡, in modernZhengzhou, Henan) and crushed his army. Shang surrendered to Shi, while a large number of other generals surrendered to Zhu. Li Keyong gave chase, and Huang fled to the east. During the chase, Huang's youngest son was captured by Li Keyong. Li Keyong's army became worn out during the chase, however, and he broke off the chase and returned to Bian Prefecture.[15]Huang headed toward Taining's capital Yan Prefecture. Shi Pu's officer Li Shiyue (李師悅), along with Shang, engaged Huang at Yan Prefecture and defeated him, annihilating nearly the remainder of his army, and he fled into Langhu Valley (狼虎谷, in modern Laiwu, Shandong). On July 13, 884,[2] Huang's nephew Lin Yan (林言) killed Huang, his brothers, his wife, and his children, and took their heads to prepare to surrender to Shi. On his way to Shi's camp, however, he encountered Shatuo and Boye Army irregulars, who killed him as well and took the heads to present to Shi.[15] (However, according to an alternative account in the New Book of Tang, Huang, believing that it was the only way that any of his army could be saved, committed suicide after instructing Lin to surrender with his head.)[6]
Guangzhou's earliest recorded name is Panyu (Chinese: 番禺; Jyutping: Pun1 Jyu4), derived from two nearby mountains known as Pan and Yu in ancient times.[9] Its recorded history begins with China's conquest of the area during the Qin Dynasty. Panyu expanded when it became capital of the Nanyue Kingdom (南越) in 206 BC; the territory of the Nanyue Kingdom included what is now Vietnam.The Han Dynasty annexed the Nanyue Kingdom in 111 BC during the empire's expansion southward, and Panyu became a provincial capital and remains so today. In 226 AD, Panyu became the seat of Guang Prefecture (廣州; Guangzhou / 廣府; Guangfu). While originally referring to the prefecture alone, local citizens gradually adopted the custom of using the same name for their city.[citation needed]Although Guangzhou replaced Panyu as the name of the walled city, Panyu was still the name of the surrounding area until the end of Qing Dynasty.[citation needed] Today, Panyu is a district of Guangzhou south of Haizhu District separated from the rest of the city by the Pearl River.The Old Book of Tang (simplified Chinese: 唐书) described Guangzhou as important port in the south of China.[10] In that period, direct routes connected the Middle East and China. A Chinese prisoner, who was captured in the Battle of Talas and stayed in Iraq for twelve years, returned to China by ship on a direct route from Iraq to Guangzhou.[11] Guangzhou was mentioned by various Muslim geographers in the ninth and tenth centuries, such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh,[12]according to a local Guangzhou government report on October 30, 758, corresponding to the day of Guisi (癸巳) of the ninth lunar month in the first year of the Qianyuan era of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty.[13][14][15][16] The Arab historian Abu Zayd as-Sirafi mentioned Guangzhou several times in his book The Journey of as-Sirafi (Arabic: رحلة السيرافي), providing a description of daily life, food, business dealings, and the justice system of the city. As-Sirafi also reports that in 878 followers of the Chinese rebel leader Huang Chao besieged Guangzhou and massacred a large number of foreign merchants residing there. The foreign merchants were Arab Muslims, Persians, Jews and Christians[17][18][19]
The chrysanthemum is one of the "Four Gentlemen" (四君子) of China (the others being theplum blossom, the orchid, and bamboo). The chrysanthemum is said to have been favored byTao Qian, an influential Chinese poet, and is symbolic of nobility. It is also one of the four symbolic seasonal flowers.A chrysanthemum festival is held each year in Tongxiang, near Hangzhou, China.[11]Chrysanthemums are the topic in hundreds of poems of China.[12]The "golden flower" referred to in the 2006 movie Curse of the Golden Flower is a chrysanthemum."Chrysanthemum Gate" (jú huā mén 菊花门), often abbreviated as Chrysanthemum (菊花), is taboo slang meaning "anus" (with sexual connotations).[13]Chrysanthemums were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BC.An ancient Chinese city (Xiaolan Town of Zhongshan City) was named Ju-Xian, meaning "chrysanthemum city".The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival.
In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring.[56] It is a popular flower motif, amongst other flowers, for Korean embroidery.[57] Maebyong are plum vases derived from the Chinese meipingand are traditionally used to hold branches of plum blossoms in Korea.[58][59]
Legend has it that once on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang (壽陽公主), daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song (劉宋武帝), was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her fair face, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.[37][38][39] The court ladies were said to be so impressed that they started decorating their own foreheads with a small delicate plum blossom design.[37][38][40] This is also the mythical origin of the floral fashion,meihua zhuang[38] (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amongst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song(960–1279) dynasties.[40][41] Princess Shouyang is celebrated as the goddess of the plum blossom in Chinese culture.[38][39]During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), the garden designer Ji Cheng (計成) wrote his definitive garden architecture monograph Yuanye and in it he described the plum tree as the "beautiful woman of the forest and moon".[36] The appreciation of nature at night plays an important role inChinese gardens, for this reason there are classical pavilions for the tradition of viewing plum blossoms by the moonlight.[42] The flowers are viewed and enjoyed by many as annual plum blossom festivals take place in the blooming seasons of the meihua. The festivals take place throughout China (for example, West Lake in Hangzhou and scenic spots near Zijin Mountain inNanjing amongst other places).[43][44] Plum blossoms are often used as decoration during theSpring Festival (Chinese New Year) and remain popular in the miniature gardening plants of the art penjing.[15] Branches of plum blossoms are often arranged in porcelain or ceramic vases, such as the meiping (literally "plum vase").[45][46] These vases can hold single branches of plum blossoms and are traditionally used to display the blossoms in a home since the early Song Dynasty (960–1279).[47][48][49]The Moy Yat lineage of Wing Chun kung fu uses a red plum flower blossom as its symbol. The plum blossoms are featured on one of the four flowers that appear on mahjong tile sets, wheremei (梅) is usually simply translated as "plum" in English.[50]The National Flower of the Republic of China was officially designated as the plum blossom (Prunus Mei; Chinese: 梅花) by the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China on July 21, 1964.[51]The plum blossom is symbol for resilience and perseverance in the face of adversity during the harsh winter.[52][53] The triple grouping of stamens (three stamens per petal) on the national emblem represents Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, while the five petals symbolize the five branches of the government.[51][53]
Song Dynasty meiping and Goryeo Dynasty maebyong pottery designed with Chinese Pkum decor.
An example of the plum blossom's literary significance is found in the life and work of poet Lin Bu(林逋) of the Song Dynasty (960–1279). For much of his later life, Lin Bu lived in quiet reclusion on a cottage by West Lake in Hangzhou, China.[32] According to stories, he loved plum blossoms and cranes so much that he considered the plum blossom of Solitary Hill at West Lake as his wife and the cranes of the lake as his children, thus he could live peacefully in solitude.[33][34] One of his most famous poems is "Little Plum Blossom of Hill Garden" (山園小梅). The original Chinese text as well as a translation follows:[35]
Prunus mume is a common fruit in Asia and used in traditional Chinese medicine.[20][21] It has long been used as a traditional drug and healthy food in East Asian countries.[22] A recent study has indicated that Prunus mume extract is a potential candidate for developing an oral antimicrobial agent to control or prevent dental diseases associated with several oral pathogenic bacteria.[20] Recent studies have also shown that Prunus mume extract may inhibit Helicobacter pylori, associated with gastritis and gastric ulcers.[23][24] Experiments on rats suggest that P. mume extract administered during endurance exercise training may enhance the oxidative capacity of exercising skeletal muscle, and may induce the muscle to prefer fatty acids for its fuel use rather than amino acids or carbohydrates, thus assisting endurance.[25]
The flower is known as the meihua (梅花) in Chinese, which came to be translated as "plum blossom"[14] or sometimes as "flowering plum".[15] The term "winter plum" may be used too, specifically with regard to the depiction of the flower with its early blooming in Chinese painting.
In Chinese it is called méi (梅) and the fruit is called méizi (梅子)
Korean name is maesil (hangul: 매실; hanja: 梅實)
Prunus mume is a deciduous tree that starts to flower in mid-winter, typically around January until late February in East Asia. It can grow to 4–10 metres (13–33 ft) tall.[11] The flowers are 2–2.5 centimetres (0.79–0.98 in) in diameter and have a strong fragrant scent.
[11] They have colors in varying shades of white, pink, and red.[12] The leaves appear shortly after the petals fall, are oval-shaped with a pointed tip, and are 4–8 cm long and 2.5–5 cm wide.[11] The fruit ripens in early summer, around June and July in East Asia, and coincides with the rainy season of East Asia, the meiyu (梅雨, literally "plum rain").[13] The drupe is 2–3 centimetres (0.79–1.2 in) in diameter with a groove running from the stalk to the tip.[11] The skin turns yellow, sometimes with a red blush, as it ripens, and the flesh becomes yellow. The tree is cultivated for its fruit andflowers.[2]
Prunus mume originated in the south of mainland China[9] around the Yangtze River[10]
Prunus mume is an Asian tree species classified in the Armeniaca section of the genus Prunussubgenus Prunus. Its common names include Chinese plum;
Korean Royalty's favorite Plumeria can also be that of "Prunus Mume- nicknamed
"CHINESE PLUM" as official Korean Seal and Korean National flower before 1910!
A Ming Dynasty red lacquerware dish with carved chrysanthemums and dragons.
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum [or Tanacetum] cinerariaefolium) is economically important as a natural source of insecticide. The flowers are pulverized, and the active components, calledpyrethrins, which occur in the achenes, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. In sublethal doses they have an insect repellent effect. They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides. They are not persistent, being biodegradable, and also decompose easily on exposure to light. Pyrethroids such as permethrin are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum.
Environmental uses
Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce indoor air pollution by the NASA Clean Air Study.[6]
China, Japan and Korea, white chrysanthemums are symbolic of lamentation and/or grief.
Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers of the species C. morifolium are boiled to make a sweet drink in some parts of Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as chrysanthemum tea(菊花茶, pinyin: júhuā chá, in Chinese).
In Korea, a rice wine flavored with chrysanthemum flowers is called gukhwaju (국화주).
Chrysanthemums, native floral of China, was first used by Manchu-Jurechen Korean
Royalty as its Official Korean Seal before Japs started using it as Jap's official seal design.
Chrysanthemums were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BC.[4] Over 500 cultivars had been recorded by the year 1630.[3] The plant is renowned as one of the Four Gentlemen in Chinese and East Asian art. The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival. The flower may have been brought to Japan in the eighth century AD[citation needed], and the Emperor adopted the flower as his official seal. The "Festival of Happiness" in Japan celebrates the flower.
Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genusChrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. They are native to Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia and the center of diversity is in China.[1] There are about 40 valid species.[1] There are countless horticultural varieties and cultivars.
红鸡蛋花，Plumeria rubra Linn
红鸡蛋花; Plumeria of China.
, in Telugu"Deva ganneru" (divine nerium), in Manipuri "Khagi Layhaaw" . In Hawaii, the name is "melia" although common usage among all residents is still "plumeria". In Sri Lanka, it is referred to asaraliya and (in English) as the Temple Tree. In Cantonese it is known as, 'gaai daan fa' or the 'egg yolk flower' tree. The name 'Leelawadee' (originating from Thai)[4][5] is found occasionally. In Indonesia, where the flower has been commonly associated with Balinese culture, it is known as "Kamboja".
From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming Dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty.[8] He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui andManchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[9] By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing Dynasty.[10] The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy",[11] made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[12] and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.[13]In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[14] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.[14]After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming Dynasty and 10 of the Qing Dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,[15] until he was evicted after a coup in 1924.[16] The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925.[17] In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum
Note that official flower of Manchu-Korea was
Chrysanthemum.
Use of Plumeria and Chrysanthemum was interchangeable
Before 1910s in Manchu-Jurechen Korea.
It is after Japs altered Korean heritage/ Korean original writings were altered and Manchu Semetic writing were abolished that Korean national
Flower was changed out of desperation.
Even Korean flag and Korean National Anthem
Had been modified due to Jap oppression in Korea.
Forbidden City.[18] Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II,[19] but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders by Chiang Kai-shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when it again became public, as the core of theNational Palace Museum in Taipei.[20]
It is important to note that with Manchu-Jurechen Korean reign of Beijing's Forbidden City Palace; Coexisting Harmony Motto replaced Supremacy of past dictators; and it is stated the bilingual Manchu Sematic Writings accompanied Old Chinese-Han Characters were encouraged. 1910-1953 destruction of Manchu-Korea that Japs altered Korean Writings among many war crimes against the Chinese and Koreans; studying Manchu writing and Old Han Chinese will give insight into original Korean writings distorted by Japs.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China
Beijing, Northern Capital, was reigned by Manchu-Jurechen Koreans
Who preached "Harmony" instead of "Supremacy"; as Ming Dynasty aided by Manchu
Regained Beijing's Forbidden City Palace.
From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming Dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty.[8] He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui andManchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[9]
By October1644, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing Dynasty.[10]
The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy",[11]
made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[12] and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.[13]In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[14] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.[14]After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming Dynasty and 10 of the Qing Dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,[15] until he was evicted after a coup in 1924.[16] The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925.[17] In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City.[18] Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II,[19] but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders by Chiang Kai-shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when it again became public, as the core of theNational Palace Museum in Taipei.[20]
The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China (simplified Chinese: 中国四大古都;traditional Chinese: 中國四大古都; pinyin: Zhōngguó Sì Dà Gǔdū) traditionally refers to ;
1.Beijing(the current capital of the People's Republic),; Pak/Baek ancestry roots.
12th Century Chinese failed attempts to attack Korea led to Jurechen-Manchu-Koreans
taking control of Northern Capital of Beijing.
2.Nanjing( Southern capital)
,
3.Luoyang, and
4.Chang'an (Xi'an).Due to additional evidence discovered since the 1930s, other historical capitals have been included in the list.
The later phrase Seven Ancient Capitals of China includes;
5. Kaifeng (added in the 1920s as the fifth ancient capital),
6. Hangzhou (the sixth, added in the 1930s), and
7.Anyang (a proposal by numerous archaeologists in 1988, after which it finally became the seventh ancient capital).
In 2004, the China Ancient Capital Society officially added
8. Zhengzhou as an eighth due to archaeological finds from the early Shang Dynasty there.
The name "Kaifeng" first appeared as the area's name after the Qin Dynasty's conquest of China in the 2nd century BC and literally means "expand the borders".[1]
King Zhao of Zhou (Chinese: 周昭王; pinyin: Zhōu Zhāo Wáng) or King Chao of Chou was the fourth king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty.[1] The dates of his reign are 995-977 BC or 977/75-957.[2]Zhao’s reign occurred at a point when the Zhou Dynasty had expanded across the central plains of China and turned its attention to South China. Zhao was killed and his campaigning army was wiped out south of the Han River, establishing the limit of direct control of the south during the Western Zhou Dynasty.According to the traditional, moralistic rendition of Zhao’s life, he loved pleasure and disregardedpolitics. As a result, the Zhou Dynasty began to falter under his inept rule. Zhao especially liked rare plants and animals, and decided to go on a trip to the State of Chu, after an emissary claimed that Chu had caught a rare bird. After crossing the Han River, King Zhao realized that this was a trick. After several inconclusive battles with Chu forces, he began to retreat, looting and raiding the countryside as he went. Whilst on a boat on the Han River, the boat sprung a leak and King Zhao drowned.He was succeeded by his son, King Mu of Zhou.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Dynasty
Chin/QiN dynasty of 221B.C. to 206B.C.
That leads to Han Dynasty
Which is replaced by Three Kingdom era.
The founder of Han Dynasty of Old China, Chu,
Was a descendent of the Yellow Emperor of China.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty
QinG dynasty refers to Manchu-Jurechen Koreans
Era ending with 1910 Jap invasion of Korea-Manchu territories.
Cantonese(uncountable) A Chinese language mainly spoken in the south-eastern part of Mainland China,Guangdong (Canton), Hong Kong, Macau, by the Chinese minorities in Southeast Asia and by many overseas Chinese worldwide.(uncountable) A dialect of the Cantonese language, spoken in Guangzhou (Canton), Hong Kong, Macau, and treated as the standard dialect of the Cantonese language
Synonyms
(language): Yue Chinese / Yue , Cantonese language , Cantonese dialect(dialect): Cantonese dialect , Cantonese language
Hyponyms
(language):Cantonese / Cantonese dialect (the dialect of Cantonese language treated as standard)Hoisanese / Toisanese / Taishanese (the dialect spoken in the Greater Hoi San area, with subdialects)Hong Kong Cantonese (the dialect spoken in Hong Kong and Macau)
By 1817, the British decided that counter-trading in a narcotic drug, Indian opium, was a way to reduce the trade deficit and to turn the Indian colony profitable. The Qing Administration originally tolerated opium importation, because it created an indirect tax on Chinese subjects, while allowing the British to double tea exports from China to England—which profited the monopoly for tea exports of the Qing imperial treasury and its agents.[11]Opium was produced in traditionally cotton-growing regions of India under British East India Company monopoly (Bengal) and in the Princely states (Malwa) outside the company's control. Both areas had been hard hit by the introduction of factory-produced cotton cloth, which used cotton grown in Egypt. The opium was sold on the condition that it be shipped by British traders to China. Opium as a medicinal ingredient was documented in texts as early as the Tang dynastybut its recreational use was limited and there were laws in place against its abuse.But opium became prevalent with the mass quantities introduced by the British (motivated, as noted above, by the equalisation of trade). British sales of opium in large amounts began in 1781[verification needed] and between 1821 and 1837 sales increased fivefold. East India Company ships brought their cargoes to islands off the coast, especially Lintin Island, where Chinese traders with fast and well-armed small boats took the goods for inland distribution.[12]However, by 1820 the planting of tea in the Indian and African colonies along with accelerated opium consumption reversed the flow of silver, just when the Imperial Treasury needed to finance suppression of rebellions against the Qing. The Qing government attempted to end the opium trade, but its efforts were complicated by local officials (including the Viceroy of Canton), who profited greatly from the bribes and taxes.[12]A turning point came in 1834. Free trade reformers in England succeeded in ending the monopoly of the British East India Company, leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. Americans introduced opium from Turkey, which was of lower quality but cheaper. Competition drove down the price of opium and increased sales.[13]In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor appointed Lin Zexu Governor of Canton, with the goal of reducing and eliminating the opium trade. On his arrival, Lin Zexu banned the sale of opium, demanded that all opium be surrendered to the Chinese authorities, and required that all foreign traders sign a 'no opium trade' bond, the breaking of which was punishable by death. Lin also closed the channel to Canton, effectively holding British traders hostage in Canton.[13]The British Superintendent of Trade in China, Charles Elliot, got the British traders to agree to hand over their opium stock with the promise of eventual compensation for their loss from the British government.[13] (This promise, and the inability of the British government to pay it without causing a political storm, was an important cause for the subsequent British offensive).[14]Overall 20,000 chests[15] (each holding about 55 kg[16]) were handed over and destroyed beginning 3 June 1839.[17] Following the collection and destruction of the opium, Lin Zexu wrote an official memorial (折奏/摺奏)[18] to Queen Victoria in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the trade of opium, as it had poisoned thousands of Chinese civilians (the memorial never reached the Queen).
Nüwa; female "snail goddess" / female lesson.
女媧
The Yellow Emperor or Huangdi, formerly Chinese romanized as Huang-ti and Hwang-ti, is one of the legendary Chinese sovereigns and culture heroes[3][4] included among the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors.[5] Tradition holds that Huangdi reigned from 2697 to 2597[6] or 2698 to 2598 BC.[1] Huangdi's cult was particularly prominent in the late Warring States and early Han period, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, a cosmic ruler, and a patron of esoteric arts. Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations,[7] the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator of Chinese civilization,[8] and said to be the ancestor of all Huaxia Chinese.[9]
공 (gong)(公): public affairs / number nine; 9, Gooh/ zero/ male Peacock/ work
손; grandson; hand; visitor.
2698–2598 BC[First known Emperor of China; Yellow Emperor]
黃帝
Yellow
황; Hwahng; Yellow or Unsuitable
제 (je, hanja 第); First in order, Ruler, stems from humble; "me".
The 'Ba' (bꜣ); Egyptian phoenix-crane with-human head; was everything that makes an individual unique, similar to the notion of 'personality'. (In this sense, inanimate objects could also have a 'Ba', a unique character, and indeed Old Kingdom pyramids often were called the 'Ba' of their owner). The 'Ba' is an aspect of a person that the Egyptians believed would live after the body died, and it is sometimes depicted as a human-headed bird flying out of the tomb to join with the 'Ka' in the afterlife.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor
봉황
鳳凰
Phoenix; from Egyptians depicting Cranes with supreme power
Evolved into Phoenix.
Crane with supreme power; aka Egyptian Phoenix;
Represented "Ghost-Soul" of the
Deceased body haunting the living.
Fenghuang (Chinese: 鳳凰; pinyin: fènghuáng) are mythological birds of East Asia that reign over all other birds. The males are called feng and the females huang. In modern times, however, such a distinction of gender is often no longer made and they are blurred into a single feminine entity so that the bird can be paired with the Chinese dragon, which is deemed male.The fenghuang is also called the "August Rooster" (Chinese: 鶤雞; pinyin: kūnjī) since it sometimes takes the place of the Rooster in the Chinese zodiac[citation needed]. In the West, it is commonly referred to as the Chinese phoenix or simply Phoenix. Fenghuang Ancient City is an ancient community in Hunan Province.
the Korean word for dragon is "ryong" (hangul:용) (hanja:龍).
The qilin, kirin, or kylin is a mythical hooved chimerical creature known throughout various East Asian cultures, said to appear with the imminent arrival or passing of a sage or illustrious ruler.[1]It is a good omen thought to occasion prosperity or serenity (Chinese: 瑞, p ruì).[citation needed] It is often depicted with what looks like fire all over its body. It is sometimes called the "Chinese unicorn" when compared with the Western unicorn.
OriginsEdit
The earliest references to the qilin are in the 5th century BC Zuo Zhuan.[2][3] The qilin made appearances in a variety of subsequent Chinese works of history and fiction, such as Feng Shen Bang. Emperor Wu of Han apparently captured a live qilin in 122 BC, although Sima Qian was skeptical of this.[4]Qilin have not always been described as vegetarian, though they tend to be depicted that way currently. This influence started when a religion from India known as Buddhism began to sweep over the Chinese Empire. Before it became a more Buddhist-like gentle god, it was often depicted more Taoist-like, and as both religions in China eventually began to merge, these ideals also merged in the Qilin.In legend, the Qilin became tiger-like after their disappearance in real life and become a stylized representation of the giraffe in Ming Dynasty.[5][6] The identification of the Qilin with giraffes began after Zheng He's voyage to East Africa (landing, among other places, in modern-daySomalia). The Ming Dynasty bought giraffes from the Somali merchants along with zebras, incense, and other various exotic animals.[7] Zheng He's fleet brought back two giraffes toNanjing, and they were referred to as "qilins".[8] The Emperor proclaimed the giraffes magical creatures, whose capture signaled the greatness of his power.The identification between the
Qilin and the giraffe is supported by some attributes of the Qilin, including its vegetarian and quiet nature. Its reputed ability to "walk on grass without disturbing it" may be related to the giraffe's long, thin legs. Also the Qilin is described as having antlers like a deer and scales like a dragon or fish; since the giraffe has horn-like "ossicones" on its head and a tessellated coat pattern that looks like scales it is easy to draw an analogy between the two creatures. The identification of Qilin with giraffes has had lasting influence: even today, the same word is used for the mythical animal and the giraffe in both Korean and Japanese.
기린; african giraffe encountered by Ming Dynasty's voyage to Somalia;
Korean telling Ming+ Qing Dynasty tells of Somalia, African voyage
Revealing giraffes.
YET, THE rarity of giraffe in the East made combination of sacred Siberian Tigers
Mixed with tales of African giraffe to result in Ancient statues that looked like dragons and/or Lions.
In legend, the Qilin became tiger-like after their disappearance in real life and become a stylized representation of the giraffe in Ming Dynasty.[5][6] The identification of the Qilin with giraffes began after Zheng He's voyage to East Africa (landing, among other places, in modern-daySomalia). The Ming Dynasty bought giraffes from the Somali merchants along with zebras, incense, and other various exotic animals.[7] Zheng He's fleet brought back two giraffes toNanjing, and they were referred to as "qilins".[8] The Emperor proclaimed the giraffes magical creatures, whose capture signaled the greatness of his power.The identification between the Qilin and the giraffe is supported by some attributes of the Qilin, including its vegetarian and quiet nature. Its reputed ability to "walk on grass without disturbing it" may be related to the giraffe's long, thin legs. Also the Qilin is described as having antlers like a deer and scales like a dragon or fish; since the giraffe has horn-like "ossicones" on its head and a tessellated coat pattern that looks like scales it is easy to draw an analogy between the two creatures. The identification of Qilin with giraffes has had lasting influence: even today, the same word is used for the mythical animal and the giraffe in both Korean and Japanese.
........
Although located at the same latitude as Ketchikan on North America’s west coast or Moscow in Europe, the influence of the Labrador Current gives Nain a marginal subarctic climate that is very close to a polar climate (ET), which creates the southernmost tree line in the northern hemisphere on the adjacent coast. The southernmost tundra is actually still in a zone ofdiscontinuous permafrost rather than the much more typical continuous zone.[6] The almost constant presence of the Icelandic Low means that precipitation, both as rain and snow, is exceptionally heavy for so consistently cold a climate in a low-lying area, with five metres of snow falling each winter and not melting until July. The actual depth of snow on the ground averages 1.13 metres (44 in) at the end of March.
On December 1, 2005, Nain became the administrative capital of the autonomous region ofNunatsiavut which is the name chosen by the Labrador Inuit when the Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement Act was successfully ratified by the Canadian Government and the Inuit of Labrador. Hopedale, further south, is the legislative capital.[3] The land claim cedes limited self-rule for the Nunatsiavut government in Northern Labrador and North-Eastern Quebec, granting title and aboriginal rights.[3] The land that composes the Nunatsiavut government is called the Labrador Inuit Settlement Area, or LISA, which amount to approximately 72,500 km2(28,000miles2).[4] The Inuit of Labrador do not own this land per se, but they do have special rights related to traditional land use as aboriginals. That said, the Labrador Inuit will own 15,000 km2 (6,100miles2) within the Settlement Area, officially designated as Labrador Inuit Lands. The Agreement also provides for the establishment of the Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve, consisting of about 9,600 square kilometres (3,700 sq mi) of land within LISA.[4][5]Nunatsiavut is not to be confused with the Nunavut territory.Many Inuit from Hebron were relocated to Nain by the provincial government after the Moravianmission at Hebron was closed under government pressure in 1959.
Mixed Asian Innuit and Euro-Inuits are native of Eastern Canadian border of Quebec Artic and Greenland. THE "NAINA" TRIBE OF Inuits.
Nain or Naina (Inuit: Nunajnguk)[2] is the northernmost town of any significant size in theCanadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, located about 370 kilometres by air fromHappy Valley-Goose Bay. The town was established as a Moravian mission in 1771 by Jens Haven and other missionaries. The current population is 1,034, predominantly Inuit and mixed Inuit-European.
Shamanism- that jews pegged as Pagonism to degrade nonjews.
( A lot of Jew rituals of sacrifice- the jew kosher diet guidelines-
the Jew usage of amlets like eye on the palm of hand ; Putting aside
Biblical writings, jews of all religions mirror Innuit Shamanism to its exact
Origin! Just as Innuits with oriental slanted eye features best represent
Manchu-Korean ancestry since the ancient times; similarly, the Innuit coexistance of 'taller'
Greenland-viking-influenced Thulen-Dolen Eskimos best describe Caucasian
Ancestry since the ancient times.
Other African-Spanish-Middle eastern-Native Indian tribes
Have seperate ancestry much different
Siberian eskimos- Alaskan-Canadian Innuits - Greenland-Viking Dolen eskimos.
Many Eskimo cultures had persons acting as mediator (between human and beings of the belief system, among others) — usually termed as "shamans" in the literature. As Eskimo cultures were far from homogeneity (although had some similarities), thus also shamanism among Eskimo peoples had many variants.Siberian Yupiks had shamans as well.[7][8] Compared to the variants found among Eskimo groups of America, shamanism among Siberian Yupiks stressed more the importance of maintaining good relationship with sea animals.[9] Ungazighmiit people (the largest of Siberian Yupik variants) had /aˈliɣnalʁi/s, who received presents for the shamanizing, healing. This payment had a special name, /aˈkiliːɕaq/ — in their language, there were many words for the different kinds of presents and payments and this was one of them.[10] (The many kinds of presents and the words designating them were related to the culture: fests, marriage etc.;[10] or made such fine distinctions like "thing, given to someone who has none", "thing, given, not begged for", "thing, given to someone as to anybody else", "thing, given for exchange" etc.[11]).
Name-giving
Similarly to several other Eskimo cultures, the name-giving of a newborn baby among Siberian Yupik meant that a deceased person was affected, a certain rebirth was believed. Even before the birth of the baby, careful investigations took place: dreams, events were analyzed. After the birth, the baby's physical traits were compared to those of the deceased person. The name was important: if the baby died, it was thought that he/she has not given the "right" name. In case of sickness, it was hoped that giving additional names could result in healing.[12]
Amulets
Amulets could be manifested in many forms, and could protect the person wearing them or the entire family, and there were also hunting amulets. Some examples:a head of raven hanging on the entrance of the house, functioning as a familiar amulet;[13]figures carved out of stone in shape of walrus head or dog head, worn as individual amulets;[14]hunting amulets were attached to something or worn.[13] About the effige of orca on the tools of the marine hunter,[8] see the beliefs concerning this peculiar marine mammal below.
Concepts about the animal world around them
The orca, wolf,[8][15][16] raven, spider,[17] whale,[18][19] were revered animals. Also folklore (e.g. tale) examples demonstrate this. For example, a spider saves the life of a girl.[17][20] The motif of spider as a benevolent personage, saving people from peril with its cobweb, lifting them up to the sky in danger, is present also in many tales of Sireniki Eskimos[21] (as mentioned, their exact classification inside Eskimo peoples is not settled yet).It was thought that the prey of the marine hunt could return to the sea and become a complete animal again. That is why they did not break the bones, only cut them at the joints.[22]
Orca and wolf
In the tales and beliefs of this people, wolf and orca are thought to be identical: orca can become a wolf or vice versa. In winter, they appear in the form of wolf, in summer, in the form oforca.[8][9][15][16] Orca was believed to help people in hunting on the sea — thus the boat represented the image of this animal, and the orca's wooden representation hang also from the hunter's belt.[8] Also small sacrifices could be given to orcas: tobacco was thrown into the sea for them, because they were thought to help the sea hunter in driving walrus.[23] It was believed that the orca was a help of the hunters even if it was in the guise of wolf: this wolf was thought to force the reindeer to allow itself to be killed by the hunters.
At the beginning of the 20th century, speakers of Sireniki Eskimo language inhabited settlements Sireniki, Imtuk, and some small villages stretching to the west from Sireniki along south-eastern coasts of Chukchi Peninsula.[1] As early as in 1895, Imtuk was already a settlement with mixed population, Sireniki Eskimos and Ungazigmit[3] (the latter belonging to Siberian Yupik).
The Chukchi Peninsula, Chukotka Peninsula or Chukotski Peninsula (Russian: Чуко́тский полуо́стров, Russian: Чуко́тка), at about 66° N 172° W, is the northeastern extremity of Asia. Its eastern end is at Cape Dezhnev near the village of Uelen. It is bordered by the Chukchi Sea to the north, the Bering Sea to the south, and the Bering Strait to the east. The peninsula is part ofChukotka Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The estimated population of the region in 1990 was 155,000.[1]The peninsula was traditionally the home of the native Chukchi people, some Eskimo peoples (Siberian Yupiks and Sireniki Eskimos), Koryaks, Chuvans, Evens/Lamuts, Yukagirs, and some Russian settlers.The peninsula lies along the Northern Sea Route (the Northeast passage).Industries on the peninsula are mining (tin, lead, zinc, gold, and coal), hunting and trapping,reindeer raising, and fishing. See also Providence Bay, Siberia.
Sirenik or Sireniki Eskimos are former speakers of a very peculiar Eskimo language in Siberia, before they underwent a language shift rendering it extinct. The peculiarities of this language among Eskimo languages amount to the extent that it is proposed by some to classify it as a standalone third branch of Eskimo languages (alongside Inuit and Yupik). The total language death of this peculiar remnant means that now the cultural identity of Sireniki Eskimos is maintained through other aspects: slight dialectical difference in the adopted Siberian Yupiklanguage;[1] sense of place,[2] including appreciation of the antiquity of their settlement Sireniki.[1]
Chukchi Peninsula in the Russian Far East, St. Lawrence Island in Alaska Russia1,200-1,500 USA1,100LanguagesCentral Siberian Yupik languageRelated ethnic groupsAlutiiq, Central Alaskan Yup'ikSiberian Yupiks, or Yuits, are indigenous people who reside along the coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in the far northeast of the Russian Federation and on St. Lawrence Island in Alaska. They speak Central Siberian Yupik (also known as Yuit), a Yupik language of the Eskimo–Aleutfamily of languages.They were also known as Siberian Eskimo or Yupiks. The name Yuit (Юит, plural: Юиты) was officially assigned to them in 1931, at the brief time of the campaign of support of indigenous cultures in the Soviet Union.Sireniki Eskimos also live in that area, but their extinct language, Sireniki Eskimo, shows many peculiarities among Eskimo languages and is mutually unintelligible with the neighboring Siberian Yupik languages.[2]
Siberian yupik Eskimos of Eastern Russian territory are linked to Russian territory of Alaska adjacent to North American Canadian Innuits with Manchu-Korean slanted asian features.
Also explains many Siberian and Eskimo Innuits of Canada influenced Korean culture for generations;
-Siberian tigers and Siberian Cranes are favored by Koreans for generations.
-Shaman practices emphasizing coexistance with nature and value on animal
Symbolic values like stories of Bear (Russian bear or Ijuit Polar Bear of Quebec Artics)
Hibernating in a cave eating garlic to gain human form.
-Diet of edible seaweed and handcraftsmanship of basket weaving, fishing, and family
Cohesiveness of Koreans mirror the Innuits.
Korean buddhist mixed with Shaman practices to ward off evil originated from innuits.
Korean Shamanism derived from Eastern Russian territory bridging Russian territory Alaska ofcNorth American Canadian Greenland Innuits to influence Russian-Manchu-Koreans;
KOREAN TALES OF Korean ancestry depicting a bear hibernating in a cave eating garlic to gain human form mirrors the animist-nature-animal Shamanism that Jews coined as paganism to further devalue/enslave nonjews.
The Inuit practiced a form of shamanism based on animist principles. They believed that all things had a form of spirit, including humans, and that to some extent these spirits could be influenced by a pantheon of supernatural entities that could be appeased when one required some animal or inanimate thing to act in a certain way. The angakkuq of a community of Inuit was not the leader, but rather a sort of healer and psychotherapist, who tended wounds and offered advice, as well as invoking the spirits to assist people in their lives. His or her role was to see, interpret and exhort the subtle and unseen. Angakkuit were not trained; they were held to be born with the ability and recognized by the community as they approached adulthood.Inuit religion was closely tied to a system of rituals integrated into the daily life of the people. These rituals were simple but held to be necessary. According to a customary Inuit saying,The great peril of our existence lies in the fact that our diet consists entirely of souls.By believing that all things, including animals, have souls like those of humans, any hunt that failed to show appropriate respect and customary supplication would only give the liberated spirits cause to avenge themselves.The harshness and unpredictability of life in the Arctic ensured that Inuit lived with concern for the uncontrollable, where a streak of bad luck could destroy an entire community. To offend a spirit was to risk its interference with an already marginal existence. The Inuit understood that they had to work in harmony with supernatural powers to provide the necessities of day-to-day life. Before the 1940s, Inuit had minimal contact with Europeans, who passed through on their way to hunt whales or trade furs but seldom had any interest in settling down on the frozen land of the Arctic. So the Inuit had the place to themselves. They moved between summer and winter camps to always be living where there were animals to hunt.But that changed. As World War II ended and the Cold War began, the Arctic became a place where countries that did not get along were close to each other. The Arctic had always been seen as inaccessible, but the invention of aircraft made it easier for non-Arctic dwellers to get there. As new airbases and radar stations were built in the Arctic to monitor rival nations, permanent settlements were developed around them, including schools and health care centres. In many places, Inuit children were required to attend schools that emphasized non-native traditions. With better health care, the Inuit population grew too large to sustain itself solely by hunting.[citation needed] Many Inuit from smaller camps moved into permanent settlements because there was access to jobs and food. In many areas[where?] Inuit were required to live in towns by the 1960s.
When food is not sufficient, the elderly are the least likely to survive. In the extreme case offamine, the Inuit fully understood that, if there was to be any hope of obtaining more food, a hunter was necessarily the one to feed on whatever food was left. However, a common response to desperate conditions and the threat of starvation was infanticide.[96][97] A mother abandoned an infant in hopes that someone less desperate might find and adopt the child before the cold or animals killed it. The belief that the Inuit regularly resorted to infanticide may be due in part to studies done by Asen Balikci,[98] Milton Freeman[99] and David Riches[100] among the Netsilik, along with the trial of Kikkik.[101][102] Other recent research has noted that "While there is little disagreement that there were examples of infanticide in Inuit communities, it is presently not known the depth and breadth of these incidents. The research is neither complete nor conclusive to allow for a determination of whether infanticide was a rare or a widely practiced event." [103]Anthropologists believed that Inuit cultures routinely killed children born with physical defects because of the demands of the extreme climate. These views were changed by late 20th century discoveries of burials at an archaeological site. Between 1982 and 1994, a storm with high winds caused ocean waves to erode part of the bluffs near Barrow, Alaska, and a body was discovered to have been washed out of the mud. Unfortunately the storm claimed the body, which was not recovered. But examination of the eroded bank indicated that an ancient house, perhaps with other remains, was likely to be claimed by the next storm. The site, known as the "Ukkuqsi archaeological site", was excavated. Several frozen bodies (now known as the "frozen family") were recovered, autopsies were performed, and they were re-interred as the first burials in the then-new Imaiqsaun Cemetery south of Barrow.[104] Years later another body was washed out of the bluff. It was a female child, approximately 9 years old, who had clearly been born with acongenital birth defect.[105] This child had never been able to walk, but must have been cared for by family throughout her life.[106] She was the best preserved body ever recovered in Alaska, and radiocarbon dating of grave goods and of a strand of her hair all place her back to about AD 1200.[106]During the 19th century, the Western Arctic suffered a population decline of close to 90%, resulting from exposure to new diseases, including tuberculosis, measles, influenza, andsmallpox. Autopsies near Greenland reveal that, more commonly pneumonia, kidney diseases,trichinosis, malnutrition, and degenerative disorders may have contributed to mass deaths among different Inuit tribes. The Inuit believed that the causes of the disease were of a spiritual origin.[107]
Traditional law
Inuit traditional laws are anthropologically different from Western law concepts. Customary lawwas thought non-existent in Inuit society before the introduction of the Canadian legal system.Hoebel, in 1954, concluded that only 'rudimentary law' existed amongst the Inuit. Indeed, prior to about 1970, it is impossible to find even one reference to a Western observer who was aware that any form of governance existed among any Inuit,[108] however, there was a set way of doing things that had to be followed:maligait refers to what has to be followedpiqujait refers to what has to be donetirigusuusiit refers to what has to be avoidedIf an individual's actions went against the tirigusuusiit, maligait or piqujait, the angakkuq(shaman) might have to intervene, lest the consequences be dire to the individual or the community.[109]
Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule culture,[13] who emerged from western Alaska, after crossing the land bridge from Asia also called Beringia, around CE 1000 and spread eastwards across the Arctic.[14] They displaced the related Dorset culture, the last major Paleo-Eskimo culture (in Inuktitut, called the Tuniit).[15] Inuit legends speak of the Tuniit as "giants", people who were taller and stronger than the Inuit.[16] Less frequently, the legends refer to the Dorset as "dwarfs".[17] Researchers believe that the Dorset culture lacked dogs, larger weapons and other technologies that gave the expanding Inuit society an advantage.[18] By 1300, the Inuit had settled in west Greenland, and they moved into east Greenland over the following century.[19]Faced with population pressures from the Thule and other surrounding groups, such as theAlgonquian and Siouan to the south, the Tuniit gradually receded.[20] They were thought to have become completely extinct as a people by about 1400 or 1500.But, in the mid-1950s, researcher Henry B. Collins determined that, based on the ruins found atNative Point, the Sadlermiut were likely the last remnants of the Dorset culture.[21] The Sadlermiut population survived up until winter 1902–03, when exposure to new infectious diseases brought by contact with Europeans led to their extinction as a people.[22] More recently, mitochondrial DNA research has supported the theory of continuity between the Tuniit and the Sadlermiut.[23][24] It also has provided evidence that a population displacement did not occur within the Aleutian Islands between the Dorset and Thule transition.[25] In contrast to other Tuniit populations, the Aleut and Sadlermiut benefited from both geographical isolation and their ability to adopt certain Thule technologies.In Canada and Greenland, Inuit circulated almost exclusively north of the "Arctic tree line", the effective southern border of Inuit society. The most southern "officially recognized" Inuit community in the world is Rigolet[26] in Nunatsiavut. South of Nunatsiavut, the descendants of the southern Labrador Inuit in NunatuKavut continued their traditional transhumant semi-nomadic way of life until the mid-1900s. The Nunatukavummuit were usually spread out among islands and bays and therefore did not establish stationary communities. In other areas south of the tree line, Native American cultures were well established. The culture and technology of Inuit society that served so well in the Arctic were not suited to subarctic regions, so they did not displace their southern neighbors.Inuit had trade relations with more southern cultures; boundary disputes were common and gave rise to aggressive actions. Warfare was not uncommon among those Inuit groups with sufficient population density. Inuit such as the Nunatamiut (Uummarmiut) who inhabited the Mackenzie River delta area often engaged in warfare. The more sparsely settled Inuit in the Central Arctic, however, did so less often.Their first European contact was with the Vikings who settled in Greenland and explored the eastern Canadian coast. The Norse sagas recorded meeting skrælingar, probably an undifferentiated label for all the native Americans whom the Norse encountered, whether Tuniit, Inuit, or Beothuk.[27]After about 1350, the climate grew colder during the period known as the Little Ice Age. During this period, Alaskan natives were able to continue their whaling activities, but Inuit were forced to abandon their hunting and whaling sites in the high Arctic as bowhead whales disappeared fromCanada and Greenland.[28] These Inuit then had to subsist on a much poorer diet in addition to losing access to essential raw materials for their tools and architecture previously derived from whaling.[28]The changing climate forced Inuit to work their way south, forcing them into marginal niches along the edges of the tree line. These were areas which Native Americans had not occupied or where they were weak enough for coexistence with Inuit. Researchers have difficulty defining when Inuit stopped territorial expansion. There is evidence that they were still moving into new territory in southern Labrador when they first began to interact with Europeans in the 17th century.
Inupiat baleen basket, with an ivory handle, made by Kinguktuk (1871–1941) ofBarrow, Alaska. Polar bear handle on weaved basket.
The Inuit have traditionally been fishers and hunters. They still hunt whales (esp. bowhead whale), walrus, caribou, seal,The Narwhal, polar bears, muskoxen, birds, and at times other less commonly eaten animals such as the Arctic Fox. The typical Inuit diet is high in protein and very high in fat – in their traditional diets, Inuit consumed an average of 75% of their daily energy intake from fat.[54] While it is not possible to cultivate plants for food in the
Arctic, the Inuit have traditionally gathered those that are naturally available. Grasses, tubers, roots, stems, berries, and seaweed (kuanniq or edible seaweed) were collected and preserved depending on the season and the location.[55][56][57][58][59] There is a vast array of different hunting technologiesthat the Inuit used to gather their food.
Inuit call them Tuniit, archeologists call them Dorset, and the legend of the large but extremely shy race of people has dominated Inuit mythology for generations."These Tuniit, they're nice people and they're big people, but if someone talks about them or if you say bad words to them, they'll come after you or tell you to leave," Avalak said."I'm not much of a Tuniit (expert) myself, so that's a story I heard."While Inuit stories clearly state the Tuniit and Inuit existed in the same place at the same time, archeologists were not so sure, University of Toronto archaeologist Max Friesen said."A huge and controversial and sort of major issue in the whole Arctic past is whether the two actually did meet," Friesen said.Now, Friesen and his team have used radiocarbon dating to prove to the scientific community what Inuit say they have known all along -- that the Tuniit and Inuit may have crossed paths as they existed during the same time in history.While archaeologists knew the Tuniit lived in the Arctic from about 2500 BC, the new radiocarbon data shows they existed in the Cambridge Bay area until around 1350 AD.Thule Inuit, the ancestors of modern Inuit, moved into what is now the Canadian Arctic from Alaska around 1200 AD, Friesen said. The earliest Thule Inuit site near Cambridge Bay was also occupied until about 1350 AD."We have absolute proof that they did overlap and meet," he said.Friesen has been partnering with the Kitikmeot Heritage Society to perform archaeological research at Ikaluktuuq and other sites in and around Cambridge Bay since 1999. Each summer, the research team spends a few days out on the land with elders hearing traditional stories about the area.Friesen said elders had a variety of stories about the Tuniit."It usually revolves around Tuniit, these earlier people, being very large and strong but also quite shy and reluctant to interact," he said. "Often, it ends up with either some kind of a conflict or with the Tuniit simply leaving because they're worried about interacting or what have you."He said Tuniit behaviour in the stories often changed depending on where elders were originally from."They had stories that had both versions, some with Inuit and Tuniit getting along peacefully for a while and others indicating conflict between them," he said.In 2000, Friesen interviewed elder Frank Analok about the Tuniit."It is said that Tuniit were afraid of the ordinary people and would run away when encountered," Analok said. "Even though the ordinary people did not threaten them they would run away. It is said that the Inuit wanted to have a closer look at them, but couldn't."Friesen said whether Inuit and Tuniit actually interacted is another mystery he and his team are hoping to solve. There is still very little evidence that proves the two groups were in direct contact with each other, he said."One of the things we do want to do is go back to some of these sites that gave us the very late Tuniit dates and also the very early Inuit dates to try to find more evidence and see if we can actually find evidence of interaction," he said."For example, a Tuniit house with Inuit artifacts in it showing they lived together or that they traded or something like that. It's not certain that we'd find that, but we're going to take a look anyway."Inuit legend already knows the answer to that question, Akavak said. Inuit and Tuniit intermarried, which is why Inuit today vary in height."That's how come some of our people are tall," she said. "That's how come some people are big, because of that.
Slanted Asian featured Inuits coexisted with larger Thule/Dorset Eskimos from Viking-Greenland.
. For instance, the Thule engaged in seal-hole hunting, which was not known from their culture in Alaska. The Dorset extensively used this hunting technique, likely a form of technology that they could teach the Thule.Further, the speed and direction of the Thule migration may imply Dorset-Thule connections. The Thule made an almost direct migration from Alaska, across the continent through foreign lands all the way to Greenland, in the span of a few centuries. For the Thule to have accomplished this, they likely required directions and assistance, which the Dorset may have provided. The details of Thule/Dorset interactions are mostly unknown and generate questions: did the Thule carry new diseases, how much direct conflict was there between the two peoples, and what was the nature of their social interactions?Much can be inferred from Inuit legends, archaeology and the genetic studies mentioned above. The Thule were a strong people with a history of warfare, and they had better weapons than the Dorset. The process of "driving off" the Dorset, which is recounted in their legends, would likely have involved direct conflict. As there was almost no interbreeding between them, social interactions did not appear to go much beyond trading. Although archaeological evidence indicates that the Dorset were in steep decline when the Thule arrived,[citation needed] conflicts with the Inuit would have hastened that decline.
The Sadlermiut
Main article: SadlermiutThe Sadlermiut were a people living in near isolation mainly on and around Coats Island, Walrus Island, and Southampton Island in Hudson Bay up until 1902-1903. Encounters with Europeans and exposure to infectious disease caused the deaths of the last people. Scholars believe they were the last remnants of the Dorset culture, as they had a culture and dialect distinct from the mainland Inuit. In addition, recent mitochondrial DNA research has shown that the Sadlermiut were directly related to the Tuniit.[2]
Evidence supports the idea that the Thule (and also the Dorset, but to a lesser degree) were in contact with the Vikings, who had reached the shores of Canada in the 11th century. In Viking sources, these peoples are called the Skræling. Some Thule migrated southward, in the "Second Expansion" or "Second Phase". By the 13th or 14th century, the Thule had occupied an area currently inhabited by the Central Inuit, and by the 15th century, the Thule replaced the Dorset culture. Intensified contacts with Europeans began in the 18th century. Compounded by the already disruptive effects of the "Little Ice Age" (1650–1850), the Thule communities broke apart, and the people were henceforward known as the Eskimo and, later, Inuit.
The Thule (/ˈtuːliː/ or /ˈθjuːl/)[1] or proto-Inuit were the ancestors of all modern Inuit. They developed in coastal Alaska by AD 1000 and expanded eastwards across Canada, reachingGreenland by the 13th century.[2] In the process, they replaced people of the earlier Dorset culturethat had previously inhabited the region. The appellation "Thule" originates from the location ofThule (relocated and renamed Qaanaaq in 1953) in northwest Greenland, facing Canada, where the archaeological remains of the people were first found at Comer's Midden. The links between the Thule and the Inuit are biological, cultural, and linguistic.
The French fur company Révillon Frères and the Hudson's Bay Company each opened trading posts in 1905 and 1907, respectively, on a site located east of today's settlement. This settlement was along a traditional dogsled route used by Inuit to travel between Kuujjuaq and Kangirsuk. However, both posts had been closed by 1935 without any village ever having developed around them.In the 1950s, when the federal government opened a school in Kuujjuaq and started deliveringsocial services, many Inuit congregated around the emerging village. The wildlife resources of Kuujjuaq, however, were scarce and many Inuit were forced to rely on governmental financial aid. In 1963, the Northern Quebec directorate of the provincial government, hoping to remedy in part this problem, decided to create a new village on the south shore of Leaf Lake where wildlife resources were more plentiful.In 1966, with the project about to start, the Inuit families which would relocate were divided as to where their future village should be built. A choice had to be made between a site known as Qaamanialuk Paanga and the site of the old trading posts. Qaamanialuk Paanga was finally selected because it was easily accessible by boats used for summer hunting and fishing, nearby Finger River provided the necessary drinking water, and there was room to construct a landing strip. The new village was subsequently given the name Tasiujaq. The main reason the old trading post site was not selected as the site for the new village was its foreshore (tide land) was dotted with large boulders, and access by boat in summer would have been difficult. In 1971, once the community was organized, a cooperative store was established independently by residents, and is now associated with the Federation of Co-operatives of Northern Quebec.Tasiujaq has low tide harbour five kilometres north of the village, on Rowe Island.[5] The Tasiujaq Airport is located few kilometres south of the village. Tasiujaq is the final destination for thecanoeists paddling down Leaf River.[5][6][7]
While the Cree have hunted and fished along the Hudson Bay coast long before the arrival of Europeans, it was not until 1820 when a Hudson's Bay Company trading post was built here,[4]known variously as Great Whale River House, Great Whale River or just Great Whale. On maps of 1851 and 1854, the post is called Whale River House and Whale House.[5] Protestant and Catholic missions settled there in the 1880s. In 1895, a weather station was set up by the Federal Government. Medical and police services began to be offered in the first half of the 20th century.[4] Yet the Cree would not settle here permanently and only used it as a summer encampment.Not until 1940 did the Cree give up their nomadic way of life when the American army opened a military air base here, using Inuit and Cree workers.[5] In 1941, the HBC post closed. After the World War II in 1948, the military base was transferred to the Canadian government. And in 1955, it began operating a Mid-Canada Line radar station.[4] Though the radar station was not operational for long and closed in 1965, it established the village permanently.In 1961, when the Quebec Government decided to give French names to northern settlements, the name Great Whale River was replaced with Grande-Baleine which itself was replaced a year later with Poste-de-la-Baleine.[6] In 1979, the Cree Village Municipality, identified asWhapmagoostoo, was established. The Cree village itself was officially named Whapmagoostui in 1986, from then on replacing all other toponyms.[5]
Nunavik is rich in mineral deposits.Raglan Mines, situated near Salluit, is one of the largest. It is linked by all-weather roads to an airstrip at Kattiniq/Donaldson Airport and to the concentrate, storage and ship-loading facilities at Deception Bay. Production began at the mine in 1997. The current mine life is estimated at more than 30 years.[citation needed]Because the site is situated in the subarctic permafrost region, it requires unique construction and mining techniques to protect the fragile permafrost and to address other environmental issues. The average annual temperature is -10°C with an average ambient temperature underground of -15°C.[citation needed]There are plans to increase production at a new mine in Raglan South. A major investment is planned in the next quarter as many companies are planning to bid.[citation needed]
Nunavik (Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕕᒃ) comprises the northern third of the province of Quebec, Canada. Covering a land area of 443,684.71 km² (171,307.62 sq mi) north of the 55th parallel, it is the homeland of the Inuit of Quebec. Almost all of the 12 090 inhabitants (2011 census) of the region, of whom 90% are Inuit,[1] live in fourteen northern villages on the coast of Nunavik and in the Cree reserved land (TC) of Whapmagoostui, near the northern village of Kuujjuarapik.Nunavik means "great land" in the local dialect of Inuktitut and the Inuit inhabitants of the region call themselves Nunavimmiut. Until 1912, the region was part of the District of Ungava of theNorthwest Territories.Negotiations for regional autonomy are ongoing, and it is possible that Nunavik will become an autonomous region within the province of Quebec, with outstanding land claims resolved.[2][3]The seat of government would be Kuujjuaq.[4] However, in a 2011 referendum about 70% of Nunavik voters rejected a proposed agreement to create a Nunavik regional government.[5
]http://www.nunavik-tourism.com/Wildlife.aspx
http://www.nunavik-tourism.com/Wildlife.aspx
Artic Quebec-Greenland is the home of Inuit-Eskimos.
Seaweed as eatery came from Inuit-Canadian-Greenland Native Aboriginal People.
Since time untold, marine mammals have been essential to Inuit life. Not only are they an important source of food, the pelts, bones, ivory and blubber of these animals were also traditionally used for tools, clothing, heating oil, shelters and boats. The species of marine mammals so important to the Inuit are ringed seal (natsiq), bearded seal (ujjuk), walrus (aiviq) and beluga (qilalugaq).The majestic polar bear (nanuk) is an important symbol of the Arctic that is also classified by Inuit as a marine mammal. Except for Inuit hunters and killer whales, polar bears have very few enemies. Traditionally, the tracking and hunting of a first polar bear marked a young Inuk passage to adulthood.Inuit have many uses for the wildlife they harvest. For example, seal fat continues to be aged and eaten as a condiment (misiraq). In days gone by, it was transformed into heating oil, an essential source of heat and light during long, cold winter nights. Sealskins are also still a prized material for making warm and water-repellent boots, mittens and other garments. Traditionally, sealskins were also used to make avataq (buoys used for the hunting of marine mammals) and puurtaaq (sacs for the storage of meat and oil).As for walruses, their skins were once used for building boats, shelters and many types of accessories. Inuit artists use the animal’s ivory tusks for carving, especially jewellery.Finally, like seals and walruses, belugas are primarily a source of food for Inuit. Not only is the meat eaten dried (nikku), frozen-raw and cooked, but the thick skin (mattaq) is a delicacy, which happens to be rich in vitamin C. Beluga meat and fat is still used today to make igunaq andmisiraq. Beluga skin was traditionally used for footwear, boat covers and dog whips.
Korean folktale of bear hibernating in the cave eating garlic to gain human form
May have roots to Inuit Quebec -Greenland Eskimos' Polar bears ; given Russia's Alaska
Territory bridged passage between North American Continent to Asian-Russian Continent.
Canadian Inuit may also speak Québécois French.
Canadian inuits were once called eskimos.
The arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small foxnative to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and is common throughout the Arctic tundra biome.[1][3] It is well adapted to living in cold environments. It has a deep thick fur which is brown in summer and white in winter. It averages in size at about 85.3 cm (33.6 in) in body length, with a generally rounded body shape to minimize the escape of body heat.They prey on any small animals they can find, including lemmings, voles, ringed seal pups, fish,seabirds, and bird eggs. They will also eat carrion, berries, and seaweed. They formmonogamous pairs during the breeding season and usually stay together in family groups of multiple generations in complex underground dens.
At one time in the ancient times; Asian Inuits crossed over to Canada through the Russian territorial Alaskan bridge connecting Asia to Canada-North American continent.
Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule culture,[13] who emerged from western Alaska, after crossing the land bridge from Asia also called Beringia, around CE 1000 and spread eastwards across the Arctic.[14] They displaced the related Dorset culture, the last major Paleo-Eskimo culture (in Inuktitut, called the Tuniit).[15] Inuit legends speak of the Tuniit as "giants", people who were taller and stronger than the Inuit.[16] Less frequently, the legends refer to the Dorset as "dwarfs".[17] Researchers believe that the Dorset culture lacked dogs, larger weapons and other technologies that gave the expanding Inuit society an advantage.[18] By 1300, the Inuit had settled in west Greenland, and they moved into east Greenland over the following century.[19]Faced with population pressures from the Thule and other surrounding groups, such as theAlgonquian and Siouan to the south, the Tuniit gradually receded.[20] They were thought to have become completely extinct as a people by about 1400 or 1500.But, in the mid-1950s, researcher Henry B. Collins determined that, based on the ruins found atNative Point, the Sadlermiut were likely the last remnants of the Dorset culture.[21] The Sadlermiut population survived up until winter 1902–03, when exposure to new infectious diseases brought by contact with Europeans led to their extinction as a people.[22] More recently, mitochondrial DNA research has supported the theory of continuity between the Tuniit and the Sadlermiut.[23][24] It also has provided evidence that a population displacement did not occur within the Aleutian Islands between the Dorset and Thule transition.[25] In contrast to other Tuniit populations, the Aleut and Sadlermiut benefited from both geographical isolation and their ability to adopt certain Thule technologies.In Canada and Greenland, Inuit circulated almost exclusively north of the "Arctic tree line", the effective southern border of Inuit society. The most southern "officially recognized" Inuit community in the world is Rigolet[26] in Nunatsiavut. South of Nunatsiavut, the descendants of the southern Labrador Inuit in NunatuKavut continued their traditional transhumant semi-nomadic way of life until the mid-1900s. The Nunatukavummuit were usually spread out among islands and bays and therefore did not establish stationary communities. In other areas south of the tree line, Native American cultures were well established. The culture and technology of Inuit society that served so well in the Arctic were not suited to subarctic regions, so they did not displace their southern neighbors.Inuit had trade relations with more southern cultures; boundary disputes were common and gave rise to aggressive actions. Warfare was not uncommon among those Inuit groups with sufficient population density. Inuit such as the Nunatamiut (Uummarmiut) who inhabited the Mackenzie River delta area often engaged in warfare. The more sparsely settled Inuit in the Central Arctic, however, did so less often.Their first European contact was with the Vikings who settled in Greenland and explored the eastern Canadian coast. The Norse sagas recorded meeting skrælingar, probably an undifferentiated label for all the native Americans whom the Norse encountered, whether Tuniit, Inuit, or Beothuk.[27]After about 1350, the climate grew colder during the period known as the Little Ice Age. During this period, Alaskan natives were able to continue their whaling activities, but Inuit were forced to abandon their hunting and whaling sites in the high Arctic as bowhead whales disappeared fromCanada and Greenland.[28] These Inuit then had to subsist on a much poorer diet in addition to losing access to essential raw materials for their tools and architecture previously derived from whaling.[28]The changing climate forced Inuit to work their way south, forcing them into marginal niches along the edges of the tree line. These were areas which Native Americans had not occupied or where they were weak enough for coexistence with Inuit. Researchers have difficulty defining when Inuit stopped territorial expansion. There is evidence that they were still moving into new territory in southern Labrador when they first began to interact with Europeans in the 17th century.
Inuit natives spoke French/Engkish/Danish.
LanguagesInuit languages, Danish, English, French, and various othersReligionChristianity, Inuit religionRelated ethnic groupsAleut and Yupik peoples[4]The Inuit (pronounced /ˈɪnuːɪt/ or /ˈɪnjuːɪt/; Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "People") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, and the United States.[5] Inuit is a plural noun; the singular is Inuk. The Inuit languages are classified in theEskimo-Aleut family.[6]In the United States, the term "Eskimo" was commonly used to describe Inuit, and other Arctic peoples, because it includes both of Alaska's Yupik and Iñupiat peoples while "Inuit" is not proper or accepted as a term for the Yupik. No collective term exists for both peoples other than "Eskimo."[7] However, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Greenland view the name as pejorative, so "Inuit" has become more common.[8][9] In Canada, sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 named the "Inuit" as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis.[10]The Inuit live throughout most of the Canadian Arctic and subarctic in the territory of Nunavut; "Nunavik" in the northern third of Quebec; "Nunatsiavut" and "NunatuKavut" in Labrador; and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean. These areas are known in Inuktitut as the "Inuit Nunangat".[11][12] In the United States, Inupiat live on the North Slope in Alaska and on Little Diomede Island. The Greenlandic Inuit are the descendants of migrations from Canada and are citizens of Denmark, although not of the European Union.
LanguagesInuit languages, Danish, English, French, and various othersReligionChristianity, Inuit religionRelated ethnic groupsAleut and Yupik peoples[4]The Inuit (pronounced /ˈɪnuːɪt/ or /ˈɪnjuːɪt/; Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "People") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, and the United States.[5] Inuit is a plural noun; the singular is Inuk. The Inuit languages are classified in theEskimo-Aleut family.[6]In the United States, the term "Eskimo" was commonly used to describe Inuit, and other Arctic peoples, because it includes both of Alaska's Yupik and Iñupiat peoples while "Inuit" is not proper or accepted as a term for the Yupik. No collective term exists for both peoples other than "Eskimo."[7] However, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Greenland view the name as pejorative, so "Inuit" has become more common.[8][9] In Canada, sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 named the "Inuit" as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis.[10]The Inuit live throughout most of the Canadian Arctic and subarctic in the territory of Nunavut; "Nunavik" in the northern third of Quebec; "Nunatsiavut" and "NunatuKavut" in Labrador; and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean. These areas are known in Inuktitut as the "Inuit Nunangat".[11][12] In the United States, Inupiat live on the North Slope in Alaska and on Little Diomede Island. The Greenlandic Inuit are the descendants of migrations from Canada and are citizens of Denmark, although not of the European Union.
Inuit natives who were coined as believers of "animalism"- nature;
Inuit Eskimos have kinship to Burma minorities of Manchu-Jurechen-Koreans
That reigned Vietnam before French stoled Vietnam from Manchu-Jurechen Koreans.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_people
Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June 1945 in Rangoon (now named Yangon).[25] Her father,Aung San, founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burma's independence from theBritish Empire in 1947; he was assassinated by his rivals in the same year. She grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin died at the age of eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake on the grounds of the house.[20]Her elder brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States citizen.[20] After Aung San Lin's death, the family moved to a house by Inya Lake where Suu Kyi met people of very different backgrounds, political views and religions.[26] She was educated in Methodist English High School (now Basic Education High School No. 1 Dagon) for much of her childhood in Burma, where she was noted as having a talent for learning languages.[27] She is a TheravadaBuddhist.
Aung San Suu Kyi MP AC (Burmese: အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်; MLCTS: aung hcan: cu. krany, /aʊŋˌsæn.suːˈtʃiː/,[2]Burmese pronunciation: [àʊɴ sʰáɴ sṵ tɕì]; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and chairperson of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in Burma. In the 1990 general election, the NLD won 59% of the national votes and 81% (392 of 485) of the seats in Parliament.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest in Burma for almost 15 of the 21 years from 20 July 1989 until her most recent release on 13 November 2010,[10] becoming one of the world's most prominent political prisoners.[11]Suu Kyi received the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990 and theNobel Peace Prize in 1991. In 1992 she was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the government of India and the International Simón Bolívar Prizefrom the government of Venezuela. In 2007, the Government of Canada made her an honorary citizen of that country,[12] the fourth person ever to receive the honour.[13] In 2011, she was awarded the Wallenberg Medal.[14] On 19 September 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was also presented with the Congressional Gold Medal, which is, along with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in the United States.[15]On 1 April 2012, her party, the National League for Democracy, announced that she was elected to the Pyithu Hluttaw, the lower house of the Burmese parliament, representing the constituencyof Kawhmu;[16] her party also won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in the lower house.[17] The election results were confirmed by the official electoral commission the following day.[18]On 6 June 2013, Suu Kyi announced on the World Economic Forum’s website that she wants to run for the presidency in Myanmar's 2015 elections.[19]
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi
Here is Korean-Manchu Jurechen descendent in Burma
Father and Burma native mother being parents of
Mix Korean-Manchu descendents in Burma; Aung San Suu Kyi.
Not all of Burma colony mirror Korean Manchu roots; however, it is undeniable that Mongol invasion of Burma mingled Manchu Koreans entering Burma.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_name
The Burmese roofed turtle (Batagur trivittata) is a species of turtle in the Geoemydidae family.[1]It is endemic to Burma, but was believed to be extinct until rediscovered in 2002.[3] It remains very rare in the wild, but a conservation project has been successful and several hundred are now kept at the Yadanabon Zoological Gardens in Mandalay and a turtle conservation center in Lawkananda Park, Bagan.[3]An individual was seen in 2007 in Qingping Market in Guangzhou, China.[4]
Korean General Yi of Turtle shaped ship has roots to Burma Turtles native to Burma.
The Burmese roofed turtle (Batagur trivittata) is a species of turtle in the Geoemydidae family.[1]It is endemic to Burma, but was believed to be extinct until rediscovered in 2002.[3] It remains very rare in the wild, but a conservation project has been successful and several hundred are now kept at the Yadanabon Zoological Gardens in Mandalay and a turtle conservation center in Lawkananda Park, Bagan.[3]An individual was seen in 2007 in Qingping Market in Guangzhou, China.[4]
Forests, including dense tropical growth and valuable teak in lower Burma, cover over 49% of the country, including areas of acacia, bamboo, ironwood andmichelia champaca. Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced. In the highlands of the north, oak, pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land.[292] Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest acreage and wildlife habitat.[293] The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of mangroves although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared. In much of central Burma (the Dry Zone), vegetation is sparse and stunted.Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Burma. In upper Burma, there are rhinoceros, wild buffalo, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes and tapirs. The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species, including parrots, peafowl, pheasants, crows, herons, and paddybirds. Among reptile species there are crocodiles, geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons, and turtles. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources.[294
Burma is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. In 2011, its GDP stood at US$53.14 billion and was estimated to be growing at an annual rate of 5.5%.[22]
Burma-Tibet native bats are referred to as "flying fox"; to which
Korean folklore mentions these night creatures as
Buddhist-Korean-haunted-female-that transforms into blood sucking
-nine tailed fox with flying powers!
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma
Pagoda derived from Burma culture west of Manchu-controlled-Vietnam
That French stoled Vietnam as British stoled Burma territories west of Vietnam.
Burma (i/ˈbɜrmə/ bur-mə), officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, commonly shortened to Myanmar (i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑr/ myahn-mar,[6] /ˈmaɪænmɑr/ or /ˈmjænmɑr/),[7][8][9][10] is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by China, Thailand, India, Laos and Bangladesh. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Its population of over 60 million makes it the world's 24th most populous country[1] and, at 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi), it is the world's 40th largest country and the second largest in Southeast Asia.Early civilizations in Burma included the Tibeto-Burman speaking Pyu in Upper Burma and theMon in Lower Burma.[11] In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, theBurmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period,Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia.[12] The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma and briefly controlled Manipur andAssam as well. The British conquered Burma after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony (a part of India until 1937 and then a separately administered colony). Burma became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup in 1962, a military dictatorship which formally ended in 2011.
The Rohingya people (Ruáingga /ɹuájŋɡa/, Burmese: ရိုဟင်ဂျာ rui hang gya /ɹòhɪ̀ɴɡjà/, Bengali: রোহিঙ্গাRohingga /ɹohiŋɡa/) are an ethnic group who practice Islam and speak Rohingya, an Indo-European language of the Eastern Indic branch, closely related to Chittagonian and more distantly to Bengali. The origin of this group of people is disputed with some saying they are indigenous to the state of Rakhine (also known as Arakan, or Rohang in the Rohingya language) in Burma and others contending that they are Muslim migrants who originated in Bengal, latterlyBangladesh,[10][11] and migrated to Burma during the period of British rule.The Rohingya are linguistically related to the Indo-Aryan peoples of India and Bangladesh (as opposed to the mainly Sino-Tibetan languages of Burma). As of 2012, 800,000 Rohingya live in Burma. According to the United Nations, they are one of the most persecuted minorities in the world.[12] Many Rohingya have fled to ghettos and refugee camps in neighbouring Bangladesh, and to areas along the Thai-Burma border. More than 100,000 Rohingya in Burma continue to live in camps for internally displaced persons, forbidden by authorities from leaving. [13][14] The Rohingya have been in the news in the wake of the 2012 Rakhine State riots.[15][16]
http://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%A1t
Bowl in Manchu territory of Vietnam before French stole Vietnam from Manchu.
Manchu territory of Vietnam word for 'bowl '
Is 'baht'; it is Thailand currency as Hungarian language
Has influenced Thailand/ Czech word for 'fear'/ Tibet Rohingya language
Vocab meaning 'rice'.
Ideogrammic compound (會意): 缶 (“pot”) + 本 (“basic”) – a basic (humble) pot.
Pictogram (象形) – a bell (cast metal) with bumps.Also simplified from 缶 in some characters, such as 鉢 (from 缽).
金 (radical 167 金+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 金 (C), four-corner 80109)gold (Au)metals in generalmoney, material wealth, precious stones/gemstone/jewels &/or mineralsused as a surname (in China and Korea)
Derived terms
Index:Chinese radical/金
釒 (Manchu territory of Vietnamese last name; thực,Korean last name; kim)
Jiankang Shilu (建康實錄, Jiànkāng Shílù), coined the term "Six Dynasties"
Phono-semantic compound (形聲): semantic 釒 (“metal”) + phonetic 彔
Han character
錄; Korean pronunciations as; Rohk, Nohk, Yuh.
(radical 167 金+8, 16 strokes, cangjie input 金女弓水 (CVNE), four-corner 87132)copy, write down, record
Descendants
录, 録
Sino-Korean word from 實施, from 實 (“actuality”) and 施 (“transferring”)
京釜 (경부, Gyeongbu)
Before the Eastern Jin the city was known as Jianye (建業 Jiànyè), and the capital of the kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Renamed Jiankang in 313 CE, it served as the capital of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. It rivaled Luoyang in terms of population and commerce and at its height in the sixth century was home to around one million people. During the rebellion of Hou Jing, Jiankang was captured in 549 CE after a year-long siege that devastated the city, with most of the population killed or starved to death. During the Sui Dynasty national reunification it was almost completely destroyed, and was renamed Jiangzhou (蔣州) and then Danyang Jun (丹陽 郡). At the time of the Tang Dynasty it again became prosperous and the name became Jinling (金陵). By the Five
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankang
Jiankang was renamed as Nanjing (nan meaning south / Jing meaning capitalnof Joseon-Shilla descendents of Kyoungsahndo Providence).
Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period it was called Jiangning (江寧); in the Southern Song Dynasty the name of Jiankang was revived. Eventually it was renamed Nanjing (南京) during the Ming Dynasty.
Nanjing in Korean is pronunciated as; "Nahm: meaning South" and
"Kyoung: meaning capital of what later would be Joseon descendents of Shilla established in Kyoungsahngdoe Providence".
Jiankang (Chinese: 建康城; pinyin: Jiànkāng chéng) was the capital city of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420 CE) and Southern Dynasties. Its walls are extant ruins in the modernmunicipal region of Nanjing.
Even in the 500AC period of assasination-cruelty reign of Sui Dynasty -Monarchy; Nanjing is mentioned as an important site. NOTE that throughout destruction of China-Manchu Jurechen Korean ruling; French-British feud over Saigon / Vietnam territorial control for silk and opium led to Nanjing massacres. Each Nanjing massacre throughout Chinese history resulted in change of power that took control over Chinese providences!!!
3] Besides employing Xianbei and other Chinese ethnic groups for the fight against Chen, Emperor Wen also employed the service of aborigines from southeastern Sichuan, a people that Sui had recently conquered.[3]In 588 CE, the Sui had amassed 518,000 troops along the northern bank of the Yangtze River, stretching from Sichuan to the Pacific Ocean.[4] Meanwhile, the Chen Dynasty was collapsing and could not withstand such an assault. By 589 CE, Sui troops entered Jiankang (Nanjing) and the last emperor of the southern Chen dynasty surrendered. The city was razed to the ground, while Sui troops escorted Chen nobles back north, where the northern aristocrats became fascinated with everything the south had to provide culturally and intellectually.Although Emperor Wen was famous for bankrupting the state treasury with warfare and construction projects, he made many improvements to infrastructure during his early reign. He established granaries as sources of food and as a means to regulate market prices from the taxation of crops, much like the earlier Han Dynasty.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Dynasty
Sui dynasty that was short lived under three emperors link Manchu's Jurechen Qing Dynasty -Korean diaspora to much of northern Vietnam to Hainan Island to bulk of Chinese territories in mainland China!
Sui Dynasty explains Korean roots to Hainan Island and Han Chinese diaspora.
-Manchu Jurechen Koreans of Qing Dynasty actually rescued oppression during Sui Dynasty; Surname Li came from Sui Dynasty's LiLiao seperating into Li / Liao clan.
Sui dynasty was short lived under three emperors.
They refer to themselves as the Hlai people, but they are sometimes colloquially known as "Sai" or "Say", and during the Sui Dynasty they were known by the name Liliao
The Sui dynasty's early demise was attributed to the government's tyrannical demands on the people, who bore the crushing burden of taxes and compulsory labor. These resources were overstrained by the completion of the Grand Canal, a monumental engineering feat,[2] and in the undertaking of other construction projects, including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Weakened by costly and disastrous military campaigns againstGoguryeo (in modern day Korea) which ended with the defeat of Sui in the early seventh century, the dynasty disintegrated through a combination of popular revolts, disloyalty, and assassination.
The Li ethnic minority lives mainly in the Li and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, in the centre and south of Hainan Province, with a small number of them mixed with the Han people. They had been a branch of the ancient Baiyue groups who had a close relationship with such present ethnic minorities as Buyi, Dong, Dai, Shui and Zhuang. According to historical records, they have been on Hainan Island for over three thousand years. Li is derived from their pronunciation of 'mountains'. Today they have a large population of 1,247,814. Language:Their language, with diverse dialects, belongs to the Zhuang-Dong group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. Because of long association with the Han people, some of the Li can also speak Chinese. In 1957, they created the written form of their language based on Roman script. Economy:They live basically on agriculture, together with handicrafts, breeding industries and commerce. In their subtropical area, rice can be ripe and harvested three times a year; they turn their proximity to the sea to their advantage, fishing and breeding fish, and establishing a thriving salt industry. Religion:They believe all things have spirits and in some places, there are still relics of totem adoration; they all respect seniors and ancestors, and during festivals, they will go to them to pray for peace and harvest. Owing to the spread of Christianity, some of Li have taken to this religion. Food:The staple food is rice, corn and sweet potatoes, and sometimes they enjoy the fruit of hunting. One of distinctive meals is the bamboo pole rice that is similar to the Dai's and is wonderful for picnics. It has been said that all the families can smell the fragrance from the bamboo pole rice cooked in one house. The Li people like to chew betel nuts which are considered to be a tonic food with the functions of curing disease and beautifying. So this is women's favorate snack. Xiang, another kind of Li flavor, is associated with special meals when there are honored guests. Crafts:Embroidery skills are their pride. As early as the Tang (618 - 907) and Song (960 - 1279) Dynasties, their skill has preceded the Han people's. After the processes of spinning, dying, broidering and weaving, silk comes out to be gorgeous and delicate. Besides that, the Li have a tradition of dainty and delicate wood-craft. In both styles of a traditional Li house, one in the shape of a ship, the other of a pyramid, the weaving of bamboo vines is an indispensable adornment. Festivals:Most of the Li festivals are akin to those of the Han people, with their traditional ones as of the Spring Festival and 'Sanyuesan'.Before the Spring Festival, all the families prepare sumptuous dinners, brew wine and cook Dengye, a kind of cake. It can be stored for a time and after that, it turns to be hard and tenacious. If you cut it into slices and then fry or bake it, then it will take on quite another flavor. On New Year's Eve, the Li will worship ancestors; the following days, they visit and greet each other as well as sing and dance.Sanyuesan, in Chinese, refers to the third day of the third month when this is celebrated. The elders are honored and visited by other people with yellow wine, cured vegetables and cakes; young people go out hunting and fishing and in the evening, they sing face to face, in traditional flowery clothes, and worship ancestors. This is also a wonderful time to express love to those persons who are dear to one's heart. Other Customs:The Li women comb their hair into a bun with metal or bone hairpins. During festivals, they wear bracelets, ear rings, necklaces, and foot rings. The practice of tattooing girls which prevailed in ancient times is now mostly discontinued.When children grow into their teens, they are expected to move from their parents' house. Boys build their own houses, and girls will be under the authority of their parents. Usually these rooms are smaller than the ones they lived before. This is also the place where the youth find their lover.They, like other ethnic minorities, are good at singing and dancing. Their dances arise mainly from their work in the field, pestling the rice, and worshiping ancestors, and so on. Among these, the Bamboo Pole dance.
The Li play a traditional wind instrument called kǒuxiāo (口箫),[5] and another called lìlāluó (利拉罗).; bamboo flute.
Hlai has several dialects, some perhaps divergent enough to be considered separate languages. According to Ethnologue, the main divisions are Ha 哈 (the prestige dialect), Qi aka Gei 杞, Meifuaka Moifau 美孚, and Bendi aka Zwn, in addition to Jiamao aka Kamau 加茂, which is not mutually intelligible with the others. Norquest (2007) gives a different classification.
Jiamao is one of the Hlai languages of the Li people. In the 1980s it was spoken by 50,000 people in central and south-central Hainan Island, mostly in Jiamao Township (加茂镇), Baoting County(保亭县). It shares less than half of its lexicon with standard Hlai.[2] Graham Thurgood has suggested that Jiamao was originally a non-Hlai (possibly Austroasiatic) language.There are four Jiamao dialects.[3][4]
Hlai (Chinese: 黎语) is one of two languages of the Hlai or Li people, the other being Jiamao. It is spoken by 600,000 people (not counting Jiamao), a quarter of them monolingual, in the mountains of central and south-central Hainan Island.
Hlai are of Li and CunEthnicity:Li peopleGeographicdistribution:China (Hainan Island)
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hlai_language
Hlai 黎语 (descended from Proto-Hlai, which is from Pre-Hlai) – 800,000 (incl. Cun)Bouhin (Heitu 黑土) – 73,000Greater HlaiHa Em (Zhongsha 中沙) – 193,000Central HlaiEast Central Hlai – 344,000Lauhut (Baoding 保定) – 166,000Qi – 178,000Tongzha (Tongshi 通什) – 125,000Zandui (Qiandui 堑对) – 29,000Baoting 保亭 – 24,000North Central Hlai – 136,500Northwest Central Hlai – 62,500Cun (Ngan Fon, Gelong 仡隆) – 60,000Nadou (Dongfang 东方) – 2,500Northeast Central Hlai – 74,000Meifu – 30,000Changjiang 昌江Moyfaw (Xifang 西方)Run – 44,000Baisha 白沙 – 36,000Yuanmen 元门 – 8,000
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages
Korean President Rhee during 1950-1953 USA and allies of Jap genocide napalm destruction of Korea is native of "Li" clan speaking Hlai language of Hainan Island that resisted French colonization that stoled Manchu territory of Vietnam and Southern Chinese ports that controlled Hainan Islanders route access to mainland China.
Qiongshan District (Chinese Postal Map Romanisation: Kiungshan; simplified Chinese: 琼山区;traditional Chinese: 瓊山區; pinyin: Qióngshān Qū; also Wade-Giles: Ch'iungshan), formerlyQiongzhou (Chinese Postal Map Romanisation: Kiungchow; simplified Chinese: 琼州; traditional Chinese: 瓊州; pinyin: Qióngzhōu), is one of the four county-level districts which make up the city of Haikou, the capital of Hainan province of the People's Republic of China.The Qiongshan dialect of Lingao is spoken in Qiongshan.Hai Rui, a Ming Dynasty official, after who Hai Rui Park is named, was from Qiongshan. Chen Yuyi, Chairman of CPPCC Hainan Provincial Committee, was born in Qiongshan in 1936.Qiongzhou University is located in this district.
Kwangchowan was leased by China to France, according to the Treaty of 12 April 1898, on 27 May as Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, to counter the growing commercial power of BritishHong Kong.[5] Their colony was described as "commercially unimportant but strategically located"; most of France's energies went into their administration of French Indochina, and their main concern in China was the protection of Roman Catholic missionaries, rather than the promotion of trade.[1] Kwangchowan was effectively placed under the authority of the FrenchResident Superior in Tonkin (itself under the Governor General of French Indochina, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators.[6]Kouang-Tchéou-Wan pavilion at the Marseille Colonial ExhibitionPost and Telegraph building in Po Teou, Kouang-Tchéou-Wan.In addition to the territory acquired, France was given the right to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour situated on the west side of the peninsula; however, when they attempted to take possession of the land to build the railway, forces of the provincial government offered armed resistance. As a result, France demanded and obtained exclusive mining rights in the three adjoining prefectures. The population in 1911 was recorded as 189,000.[2] The return of the leased territory to China was promised by France at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922 but this plan was in fact never realised.[7]By 1931, the population of Kwangchowan had reached 206,000, giving the colony a population density of 245 persons per km²; virtually all were Chinese, and only 266 French citizens and four other Europeans were recorded as living there.[3] Industries included shipping and coal mining.[6]The port was also popular with smugglers; prior to the 1928 cancellation of the American ban on export of commercial airplanes, Kuangchowan was also used as a stop for Cantonese smugglers transporting military aircraft purchased in Manila to China,[8] and US records mention at least one drug smuggler who picked up opium and Chinese emigrants to be smuggled into the United States from there.[9]
World War II
After the fall of Paris in 1940, the Republic of China recognised the London-exiled Free French government as Kwanchowan's legitimate authority and established diplomatic relations with them; from June 1940 until February 1943, the colony remained under the administration of Free France.[4] This is an interesting fact bearing in mind that Kwangchowan had been governed from French Indochina, and that the authorities there were loyal to the Vichy Régime. The explanation may lie in the fact that Kwanchowan was totally surrounded by Free China and that the Japanese did not occupy that part of the China coast.Colonial militia with French officers.During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, Kwangchowan was often used as a stopover on an escape route for civilians fleeing Hong Kong and trying to make their way to Free China;Patrick Yu, a prominent trial lawyer, recalled in his memoirs how a Japanese civilian in Hong Kong helped him to escape in this way.[10] However, the escape route would not remain open for long; in collaboration with German-controlled Vichy France, which relinquished the concession to the Japanese-sponsored Chinese National Government (another claimant to the succession of the former Chinese Empire), the Imperial Japanese Army, would invade and occupy the area in February 1943.[4]Just prior to the Japanese surrender which ended World War II, the National Revolutionary Army, having recaptured Liuzhou, Guilin, and Taizhou, as well as Lashio and Mandalay in Burma, was planning to launch a large-scale assault on Kwangchowan; however, due to the end of the war, the assault never materialised.[11] The French lease over Guangzhouwan would soon be terminated regardless, under an agreement concluded on February 28, 1946. In exchange for a withdrawal of Chinese forces from northern Vietnam, the French not only returned Kwangchowan to the Nationalist government, but also gave up extraterritorial rights in Shanghai, Hankou, and Guangzhou, sold the Yunnan Rail Line to China, and agreed to provide special treatment forethnic Chinese in Vietnam and Chinese goods exported to Vietnam.[12] After the handover, theZhanjiang City Government was formally established to administer the city.[
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwangchowan
Once territories ( vietnam and southern tip of China) of Manchu-jurechen Koreans were stolen by French.
Vietnam and southern tips of China near
Hainan Island was colonized and exploited by French!
Hainan Island was never controlled by French that stole vietnam and southern Chinese ports giving Hainan Islanders access to mainland China; but after 1910-1953 destruction of Manchu-jurechen Koreans followed by Saighon conflicts ; Hainan Island in modern day are influenced by French.
Shopping street in Bo'ai Lu area (French colonial district)Haikou is situated on the north coast of Hainan Island, by Haikou Bay, facing the Leizhou Peninsula across the Qiongzhou Strait that stretches west from Beibu Bay near Vietnam to theJames Shoal bordering the South China Sea to the west. Most of the city is almost completely flat and only a few metres above sea level. It has an area of 2,304.84 square kilometres (889.90 sq mi).[citation needed][1]
Hainan Island native Hai Rui who was killed in Nanking was descendent of ancestor Chinese married to Arab; Islam accepted by Hainan Island native Hai Rui of Ming Dynasty whose ally was Manchu-Koreans of Jurechen people made Zionist jew carry out genocide of Manchu-Koreans as well as Hainan Island natives thru Nanjing Massacre of 1932.
BornJanuary 23, 1514Qiongshan, Hainan, ChinaDiedNovember 13, 1587 (aged 73)Nanjing, Jiangsu, ChinaResting placeHaikou, Hainan, ChinaNationalityChineseOccupationGovernment officialHai Rui (Hai Jui; 23 January 1514 – 13 November 1587) was a Chinese official of the Ming Dynasty. In China he has been remembered as a model of honesty and integrity in office. A play based on his career, Hai Rui Dismissed from Office, gained political importance in the 1960s, during the Cultural Revolution.
Hai Rui of King Dynasty that was ally of Qing Dynasty's Jurechen people of Manchu-Korea was born in Hainan Island and MURDERED in Nanking!!!!
Hai Rui, whose great-grandfather married an Arab and subsequently adopted Islam, was born inQiongshan, Hainan, where he was raised by his mother (also from a Muslim, or Hui, family).[citation needed] Hai took the official examinations but was unsuccessful, and his official career only began in 1553, when he was 39, with a humble position as clerk of education inFujian. He gained a reputation for his uncompromising adherence to upright morality, scrupulous honesty, poverty, and fairness. This won him widespread popular support but made him many enemies in the bureaucracy. Eventually he submitted a memorial impeaching the Jiajing Emperorhimself in 1565 and was sentenced to death in 1566. He was released after the Emperor died in early 1567. Hai Rui was reappointed under the Longqing Emperor but soon forced to resign in 1570 after complaints were made over his overzealous handling of land-tenure issues. He then spent 15 years in retirement in Hainan before being finally brought back to the Empire's "auxiliary capital" of Nanjing, in 1585, to serve under the Wanli Emperor. Hai Rui died in office two years later.
Hainan is a sister province of Jeju-do island-province of South Korea.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Rui
Aside from humans (genus Homo), the macaques are the most widespread primate genus, ranging from Japan to Afghanistan and, in the case of the barbary macaque, to North Africa. Twenty-two macaque species are currently recognised, including some of the monkeys best known to nonzoologists, such as the rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta, and the barbary macaque, M. sylvanus, a colony of which lives on the Rock of Gibraltar. Although several species lack tails, and their common names therefore refer to them as apes, these are true monkeys, with no greater relationship to the true apes than any other Old World monkeys.In some species, skin folds join the second through fifth toes, almost reaching the firstmetatarsal joint.[3Nearly all (73-100%) pet and captive macaques are carriers of the herpes B virus. This virus is harmless to macaques, but infections of humans, while rare, are potentially fatal, a risk that makes macaques unsuitable as pets.[6]A 2005 University of Toronto study showed urban performing macaques also carried simian foamy virus, suggesting they could be involved in the species-to-species jump of similar retroviruses to humans.[7] Macaques-ape-monkies have tails.
The Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) has the broadest geographic distribution of all small Asian felids. These cats are found from southern India to the islands of the Sunda Shelf and north to the Russian Far East (the Leopard Cat is one of only a handful of felid species that can be found on islands in East Asia and the only one to occur even on several small islands; Watanabe 2009). Leopard Cats are the only wild felids occurring in Japan or the Philippines. Leopard Cats are found in a wide range of forest types from lowland tropical evergreen rainforest and rubber and oil palm plantations at sea level to moist temperate broadleaf and dry coniferous forests in the Himalayas at 3000 m. They also do well in successional habitats, shrub forests, and farmlands and on coastal islands. They are generally absent from cold steppe grasslands or arid areas. Their small feet are not well suited for moving in deep snow and they consequently avoid areas where snow depth exceeds 10 cm.Leopard Cats feed on a variety of small prey, including rodents, reptiles, birds, amphibians, crabs, and insects. They are excellent swimmers and captive animals spend a lot of time playing in the water.
The Hainan Partridge (Arborophila ardens) is a species of bird in the Phasianidae family. It isendemic to Hainan Island, China. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowlandforests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Cephalotaxus hainanensis is a species of plum-yew confined to the island of Hainan, southernChina, where it can grow 15–20 metres (50–70 ft) tall. It is possibly a synonym of Cephalotaxus mannii.[2]C. hainanensis has antileukemia activity and is widely used in China.[3] Exploitation of the bark and leaves (needles) as well as logging are a potential threat to this species that is widespread on Hainan.[1]
Hainan Gymnure, also known as the Hainan Moonrat, is a species of mammal.Hainan Partridge is a species of bird endemic to Hainan Island.Hainan Peacock-pheasant, an endangered species belonging to the PhasianidaeHainan black crested gibbon is one of the world's most endangered primates. Seacology, a non-profit organization in Berkeley, California, United States, initiated a project to protect the highly endangered Hainan Gibbon in exchange for scholarships for the children of four villages near Bawangling Reserve.Hainan Hare is a species of hare endemic to HainanA subspecies of the Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis alleni) is endemic to HainanHainan Leaf-warbler (Phylloscopus hainanus), species of Old World warbler, a bird in thePhylloscopidae family.
Hainan Yellow Lantern Chili is a pepper similar to the scotch bonnet.Hainan White Pine, a species of tree.Cephalotaxus hainanensis is a species of plum-yew
Korean heritage, territorial rights, writing, and ancestry have been destroyed and distorted from 1910 to 1953 by Meiji Japs and USA allies.
Before 1910 destructions in Manchu-Korea; much of Korean ancestry kept ancestral connections thru its traditional eatery, icons, and customs.
Before 1910 destruction of Manchu-Korea;
- Siberian tigers link Koreans to eastern russian territories of Nanai people.
-Siberian cranes link Koreans and its Chinese-Russian allies/ancestors that coexisted.
-Hainan Island resting south of China and east of Vietnam links Korean ancestors to Chili native of Hainans.
- Hainan Island white pine trees give insight to cranes and deers that one sees from Korean art. Pine trees, cranes, and deers native to Hainan Island are so integrated in Korean ancetral art.
- Hainan Island native peacock-phasants withbits colorful feathers are part of traditional Korean Wedding decoratives.
-Hainan Island native hares are depicted in Korean ancestors favoring hares-rabbits as a symbolic of one's intelligence.
-Hainan native leaf-warbler in Korea has represented good luck while bad-luck-associate-crows represent Europeans that bombarded Manchu-Korea.
-Hainan Gibbons without tails that look like skim monkeys have represented many tales of monkey-Buddha-cartoon character in Korea.
-Hainan native partridge are not colorful as peacocks but are also symbolically present in traditional Korean Wedding cutoms.
-Hainan and Russian leopard cats came to represent 'deceitful-backstabbing-two faced" Jap personality that plague Korean victims.
- Traditionally, Korean ancestors preferred Siberian Tigers while disliking leopard-cats that represented connyving-two faced-japs.
The city, Shanghai, was also the center of national and international opium smuggling during the 1920s. "The Great World" was a place where opium, prostitution and gambling came together.[citation needed] The Green Gang (Qing Bang) became a major influence in the Shanghai International Settlement, with the Commissioner of the Shanghai Municipal Police reporting that corruption associated with the trade had affected a large proportion of his force. An extensive crackdown in 1925 simply displaced the focus of the trade to the neighboring French Concession.Meanwhile, traditional division of society by native place associations was falling apart. The new working classes were not prepared to listen to the bosses of the same native place associations during the 1910s. Resentment against the foreign presence in Shanghai rose among both the entrepreneurs and the workers of Shanghai.[citation needed] In 1919, protests by the May Fourth Movement against the Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of a new group of philosophers likeChen Duxiu and Hu Shi who challenged Chinese traditionalism with new ideologies. Books likeNew Youth disseminated the new school of thought, while crime and warlord banditry convinced many that the existing government was largely ineffective.[citation needed] In this atmosphere, theCommunist Party of China was founded in Shanghai in 1921.
Shanghai was known as "The Paris of the East, the New York of the West".[5] Shanghai was made a special city in 1927, and a municipality[clarification needed] in May 1930. The city's industrial and financial power increased, because the merchants were in control of the city,[citation needed] while the rest of China was divided among warlords.Artistically, Shanghai became the hub for three new art forms: Chinese cinema,[citation needed]Chinese animation,[citation needed] and Chinese popular music.[citation needed] Other forms of entertainment included Lianhuanhua comic books.[citation needed]The architectural style at the time was modeled after British and American design.[citation needed]Many of the grandest-scale buildings on The Bund – such as Shanghai Club, the Asia Buildingand the HSBC building – were constructed or renovated at this time. The city created a distinct image that separated it from all other Chinese cities that had come before it.
The city, Shenghai, was thus divided between its more European western half and the more traditionally Chinese eastern half.[citation needed] New inventions like electricity and trams were quickly introduced,[citation needed] and westerners helped transform Shanghai into a metropolis. British and American businessmen made a great deal of money in trade and finance, and Germans used Shanghai as a base for investing in China.[citation needed] Shanghai accounted for half of the imports and exports of China.[citation needed] The western part of Shanghai was four times larger than the Chinese part in the early 20th century.[contradictory]
In 1832, the British East India Company explored Shanghai and the Yangzi River as a potential trading center for tea, silk, and opium, but was rebuffed by local officials. The British then forced the Chinese to import British opium (which it produced in British India) by waging the First Opium War between 1839 and 1842. The Qing military forces that proved no match for the British. The war finally ended with the Treaty of Nanjing and Shanghai was one of five Chinese cities to be opened up to British consuls, merchants, and their families. Soon merchants from France, the USA, Germany and other foreign powers began to move into Shanghai, carving out for themselves sovereign "concessions" where they were not subject to Chinese laws. The British established their concession in 1845, the Americans in 1848 in Hongkou, north of Suzhou Creek, and the French set up their concession in 1849 west of the old Chinese city and south of the British Concession. In 1846, Peter Richards founded Richards' Hotel, the first western hotel in China. It would later become the Astor House. In 1850, the first English-language newspaper in Shanghai, the North China Herald, was launched.The Taiping Rebellion was the largest of a number of widespread rebellions against the hugely unpopular Qing regime. In 1853, Shanghai was occupied by a triad offshoot of the rebels called the Small Swords Society. The fighting devastated much of the countryside but left the foreign settlements untouched.[citation needed]阮 (hangeul 완, 원cangjie input 弓中一一山 (NLMMU), four-corner 71211)ancient musical instrument (moon-shaped lute
Many White Russians fled to Shanghai after the 1917 Revolution – about 25,000 remained by the 1930s. These Shanghai Russians were poorly regarded, as their general poverty led them to take jobs considered unsuitable for Europeans, including prostitution.[4]
In 197 BC, Au Lac Kingdom was annexed by Han aggressors, which ushered in an over 1000-year Chinese domination. By the middle of the 5th century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, the Chinese rulers set up a new district called Tong Binh, which later became a province, including two districts Nghia Hoai and Tuy Ninh in the south of the Red River (now Tu Liem and Hoai Duc districts) with a metropolis (the domination centre) in the present inner Hanoi. By the year 679, the Tang dynasty (replacing the Sui dynasty) changed the country’s name into An Nam (Pacified South), with Tong Binh as its capital. [4]
Old Chinese, Manchu, before 1910 Korean History and Writing.
장張 bowyer
Chō / j or ch/ ng/ ah was a dot on left
弓尸一女
阮 (hangeul 완, 원
왕 ㅇㄱ, ㅏ
Ō
王
李리
Ri
Plum
From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế, the imperial capital of Vietnam during the Nguyen dynasty (1802-1945), but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Việt Nam, and it became the capital of a reunified Vietnam in 1976, after the North's victory in the Vietnam War.
For the historical record; KOREAN ANCESTORS FROM MANCHU CHINA WENT TO VIETNAM. AFTER THE FALL OF MONGOLIANS, KOREANS IN VIETNAM FLED BACK TO NORTHERN KOREAN PENINSULA.
The Gypsies
GYPSY HISTORY
Gypsies have long been among the most mysterious, exotic peoples on earth. They have been described as a race of nomads, who have no real home. Gypsies do have their own language, Romani, and they identify themselves asRomani people. Gypsies came to Europe long ago from India.Gypsy history remained unknown for centuries, largely because they had no written language, and strangely enough, they had forgotten where they came from. Gypsies generally claimed to be Egyptians—hence the name "Gypsy." Europeans eventually discovered that the Romani language is related to certain dialects of India, and from there Gypsy history was gradually put together.See all 21 photosGYPSY GIRL
GYPSIES
Gypsies were a low caste people in India who made their living as wandering musicians and singers. In the year 430, Gypsy musicians, (12,000 of them) from the tribe of India known as Jat(called Zott by Persians) were given as a gift to the Persian King Bahram V. Large numbers of them were captured by the Byzantines in Syria, where they were lauded as great acrobats and jugglers, about 855. Gypsies are noted in the twelfth century history of Constantinople as bear keepers, snake charmers, fortune tellers, and sellers of magic amulets to ward off the evil eye. Balsamon warned the Greeks to avoid these "ventriloquists and wizards" that he said were in league with the Devil. See all 21 photosROUTES BY WHICH THE GYPSIES SPREAD
ROMA GYPSIES
Symon Simeonis describes Gypsies in Crete (1323) as "asserting themselves to be of the family of Ham. They rarely or never stop in one place beyond thirty days, but always wandering and fugitive, as though accursed by God . . . from field to field with their oblong tents, back and low." Gypsies living in Modon are described in 1497 by Arnold von Harff as "many poor black naked people . . . called Gypsies . . . follow all kinds of trade, such as shoemaking and cobbling and also smithery." Gypsies are reported in Serbia in 1348; Croatia in 1362 (as goldsmiths); and Romania in 1378—as slaves put to work as barbers, tailors, bakers, masons, and household servants.See all 21 photosGYPSIES ON THE MOVE (ENGRAVING BY JACQUES CALLOT, 1622)
GYPSY LIFE
Gypsies first surface in Switzerland, Hungary, Germany, and Spain in 1414-1417. During this time they traveled about with a Safe-Conduct (similar to a Passport) from Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. After Sigismund died, Gypsies traveled around Europe with safe-conduct letters from the Pope. Those from Sigismund were legitimate, but the supposed papal letters were forgeries. Hermann Conerus wrote this about Gypsies: "They travelled in bands and camped at night in the fields outside the towns . . . They were great thieves, especially their women, and several of them in various places were seized and put to death." In Switzerland it was noted that Gypsies wore rags that resembled blankets, but were bedecked in gold and silver jewelry. The Gypsy women became known as palm readers and petty thieves, suspected of sorcery. Many towns in Europe began to pay Gypsies to go away as soon as they appeared. See all 21 photosBOSNIAN GYPSIES
GYPSY HISTORY
A Bologna chronicle from 1422 gave this account of a visit from a Gypsy group: "Amongst those who wished to have their fortunes told, few went to consult without having their purse stolen . . . The women of the band wandered about the town, six or eight together; they entered the houses of the citizens and told idle tales, during which some of them laid hold of whatever could be taken. In the same way they visited the shops under the pretext of buying something, but one of them would steal."In the fifteenth century, the Gypsies spread many myths about themselves around the Europe. The greatest of these myths was outlined in the forged papal letter. The letter stated that the Gypsies had been sentenced by the Pope for their collective sins to live as nomads, never to sleep in a bed. Along with that sad tale, the letter instructed the people reading it to give the Gypsies food, money, and beer, and exempt them from any tolls and taxes. Even though the majority of Gypsy people left the Ottoman Empire and moved on to Europe, some remained. Suleiman the Magnificent issued a decree to regulate Gypsy prostitution in 1530. It is known that Gypsy men played a significant role as miners in the Ottoman Empire of the sixteenth century. Others were watchmen, iron workers, and charcoal-burners. In 1696, Sultan Mustafa II issued orders for Gypsies to be disciplined for their immoral and disorderly lifestyles. They were described as "pimps and prostitutes." But we also find that Gypsy people worked in the Ottoman Empire as broom-makers, chimney-sweeps, musicians, weapon-repairers, and in the manufacture of weapons and ammunition. See all 21 photosHUNGARIAN GYPSY BANDSee all 21 photosTHE GYPSY BRIGAND HANNIKEL IN 1787
ROMA GYPSIES
Gypsies are first noted as musicians in European history in 1469 (Italy). In 1493, they were banned from Milan because they were beggars and thieves who disturbed the peace. While a turban wearing Gypsy woman told your fortune, her children would pick your pockets. It was said that the Gypsy women cast spells and practiced witchcraft; the Gypsy men were experts at picking locks and pilfering horses.Settled people are usually suspicious of rootless, masterless wanderers with no fixed address. The Gypsies traveled about Europe as did no other people, so they knew more than most about what was happening in various countries, and the activities of their inhabitants. This led to rumors that Gypsies were being used as spies. In 1497, the Diet (legislature) of the Holy Roman Empire issued a decree that expelled all Gypsies from Germany for espionage. In 1510, Switzerland followed suit, and added the death penalty. A Swiss chronicler denounced Gypsies as "useless rascals who wander about in our day, and of whom the most worthy is a thief, for they live solely for stealing." 133 laws against Gypsies were passed in the Holy Roman Empire between 1551 and 1774. One of those, passed in 1710, made it a crime to be a Gypsy woman or an old Gypsy man in Germany. They were widely viewed as a godless and wicked people. Violators were to be flogged, branded, and deported. To be a Gypsy man in Germany was to be given a life sentence of prison at hard labor. Children of Gypsy people were taken away from them and put into good Christian homes.In the face of this persecution, we find Gypsy men in Germany forming gangs and turning violent in the eighteenth century. A huge crowd gathered at Giessen, Hesse, to watch the executions of 26 Gypsies in 1726. They were a gang led by the notorious Hemperla (Johannes la Fortun). Some were hung; some were beheaded. The most famous of the German Gypsy brigands was Hannikel (Jakob Reinhard). He was hanged in 1783, along with three of his henchmen, for murder. Hannikel had himself a little army, which included women and children. His father was a platoon drummer. In view of this violence, the King of Prussia decided in 1790 that Gypsy men should all be drafted into the military. Other European countries followed suit, and Gypsy men have since served as soldiers for every country in Europe. See all 21 photosSIGN WARNING GYPSIES THEY WILL BE FLOGGED AND BRANDED IF THEY ENTER THE NETHERLANDS (1710)
GYPSY LIFE
We first find Gypsies in Scotland in 1505 as tinkers, peddlers, dancers, raconteurs, guisers, and mountebanks. In 1609, the Vagabonds Act was aimed at Gypsies, and four male members of the Faw family were hung in 1611 for not maintaining a permanent address. Eight more men, six of them with the last name of Faa, were hanged in 1624 for being "Egyptians." The Scottish Gypsy surnames Faa and Baille go back perhaps 500 years. A new decree was issued in 1624 that traveling Gypsy men be arrested and hanged, Gypsy women without children be drowned, and gypsy women with children to be whipped and branded on the cheek.Billy Marshall was a famous Gypsy King in Scotland. He died in 1792 after living 120 years. Billy Marshall fathered over 100 children, some by his 17 wives, and some by other gals.In England, the Egyptian Act of 1530 was passed to expel Gypsies from the realm, for being lewd vagabonds, conning the good citizens out of their money, and committing a rash of felony robberies. In 1562, Queen Elizabeth signed an order designed to force Gypsies to settle into permanent dwellings, or face death. Several were hanged in 1577, nine more in 1596, and 13 in the 1650s.Under King James I, England began to deport Gypsy people to the American colonies, as well as Jamaica and Barbados. Dumping undesirables into the colonies became a widespread practice, not only Gypsies, but also "thieves, beggars, and whores."Abram Wood and his family were the first Gypsies to settle in Wales, circa 1730. Abram was a great fiddler and storyteller. He became known as the King of the Welsh Gypsies. The sons and grandsons of Abram Wood mastered the national instrument of Wales: the harp. See all 21 photosGYPSY MULE CLIPPERS IN SPAIN (LITHOGRAPH BY VILLAIN)
GYPSIES
In Provence it seems the Gypsies were welcomed. It is there that they first began to be called Bohemians. People flocked to them to have their fortunes told. The Gypsies claimed to have dukes and counts among them, and later added captains and kings. The Spanish nobility protected the Gypsies at first. Gypsy women were adored for their beauty and seductive charms; Gypsy men were admired as excellent judges of the quality of horses, and hired by nobles to procure them for their stables. But in 1499 King Charles expelled all Gypsies from Spain, under penalty of enslavement. King Philip III again ordered all Gypsies (who were called Gitanos) out of Spain in 1619, this time under penalty of death. An exception was granted for those who would settle down in one place, dress as Spaniards, and stop speaking their ancient language. Philip IV lowered the penalties to six years on the galleys for men and a good flogging for women, in 1633. The city with the most Gypsies was, at the time, Seville. Many Gypsies were publicly flogged there for deceiving the populace by claiming to reveal secrets by divination, heal the sick by magic, cast spells, and for selling maps to buried treasure. A new plan was hatched and executed in 1749, by which all Gypsies in Spain (est. 12,000) would be rounded up in a single night, their possessions confiscated, and forced into slavery. Gypsy women were sent to work as spinners, boys in factories, men in mines and shipyards. Fourteen years later, they were freed by King Charles III. In 1783, legislation was enacted whereby all Gypsy people were required to maintain a permanent address (but not in Madrid). However, this bill banned them from working in many of their popular livelihoods, such as shearing, trading in markets or fairs, and inn keeping. Those who continued to live as nomads were to have their children taken from them and placed in orphanages; a second offense would result in execution. Portugal banned Gypsies in 1526, and any of them born there were deported to the Portuguese African colonies. The first record of Gypsy people being deported to Brazil appears in 1574. Whole groups of them were sent to Brazil in 1686. There were also times in the seventeenth century when the policy was only to send Gypsy women to the colonies, while the men were enslaved on galleys. See all 21 photosROMANIAN GYPSY WOMEN
GYPSY HISTORY
The King of France, Charles IX, banned Gypsies in 1561. He ordered that any Gypsy man caught in France be sentenced to three years on the galleys, in spite of the fact that they were pronounced a non-violent people. In 1607, Henry IV enjoyed Gypsy dancers at court. By 1666, Gypsy men were again condemned to galleys—this time for life—and Gypsy women caught in France had their heads shaved. The Gypsies were declared royal servants in Hungary, and valued as smiths and makers of fine weaponry. They were called "Pharaoh's people" on official Hungarian documents. In a letter from the queen's court in Vienna (1543) it says "here the most excellent Egyptian musicians play." Gypsies also served as messengers and executioners. Gypsies were expelled from Denmark in 1536 and Sweden in 1560. All these problems with the authorities of European countries had the result that a large number of Gypsy encampments were set up in remote areas on borders, since police had no authority beyond their province. More and more Gypsy men and women were being flogged and branded. See all 21 photosHUNGARIAN GYPSIES AT CARPENTRAS IN 1868 (PAINTING BY DENIS BONNET)
ROMA GYPSIES
A census was conducted in Hungary (1783) that counted over 50,000 Gypsies. They are described as wanderers who lived in tents except in winter, when they retreated into cave dwellings. Gypsies had no chairs or beds, did not use kitchen utensils, ate mostly meat and noodles, loved tobacco and alcohol. They were disdained for eating carrion. Gypsy people had only one set of clothes, but lots of jewelry. They were known to be peddlers, beggars, and thieves. Gypsy men were renowned as excellent horsemen, and horse traders. Some worked as skinners, as makers of sieves or wooden implements, as gold-sifters or gold-washers, even as tavern keepers. Gypsies were known as an exceptionally proud people, but with little shame or honor. Parents loved their children very much, but did not educate them. The Gypsy way of life was contrary to the rules of every organized society. And those who did settle down were disdained by those who continued as nomads. See all 21 photosFERENC BUNKO'S BAND 1854 (DRAWING BY VARSANYI)
GYPSIES
It is estimated that 800,000 Gypsies lived in Europe by the year 1800. They were most numerous in the Balkans, and had a substantial presence in Spain and Italy. About this time a German scholar, Heinrich Gellmann, proved that the Romani language was linked to some languages of India. Although these people would no longer be considered Egyptians, the name Gypsy stuck (as well as the word "gyp").During the nineteenth century, Gypsies became prominent as musicians, chiefly in Hungary, Spain, and Russia. Hungarian nobility developed a tradition of having a Gypsy minstrel next to the host of a banquet to play for his guests. Before long Gypsy bands proliferated, always including a virtuoso violinist.The first famous Gypsy violinist was Janos Bihari, from Bratislava, who performed at the Congress of Vienna in 1814. By 1850, Gypsy music was popular all over Europe. Gypsy groups went on the road to perform, some as far as America. In 1865, Ferenc Bunko played for the King of Prussia. Imitators of the famous Gypsy bands were soon ubiquitous in Europe, playing in taverns, markets, fairs, festivals, and weddings.In Russia, Gypsies were beloved more for their singing talents. Most every noble family employed a Gypsy chorus, with Gypsy women (who were also dancers) in the main roles, accompanied by a seven string Russian guitar. The first recorded singer of flamenco music in Spain is a Gypsy man, Tio Luis el de la Juliana. See all 21 photosAN EARLY READING WAGGON IN NOTTING DALE, LONDON, 1879See all 21 photosTYPES OF ENGLISH GYPSY VANS
GYPSY LIFE
The Census of Hungary in 1893 identified 275,000 Gypsies, with the vast majority of them by now sedentary, gathered in their own enclaves. 90 percent of the Gypsy people were illiterate; 70 percent of Gypsy children did not attend school. Besides musicians and horse traders, the Gypsy men were primarily engaged as smiths, brick makers, and construction workers. Women were mostly hawkers. The largest concentration of them was in Transylvania. In Victorian England, we see the emergence of Gypsy caravans with horse-drawn wagons (vardos), and donkeys or mules in train. Nomadic Gypsies still lived in tents—even in winter. The Gypsy folk are noted at this time as tinkers, potters, basket makers, brush makers, and cheapjacks. It is also in the nineteenth century that they become known as Travelers. It appears that the Gypsy population in Britain was about 13,000 by 1900. The Gypsies served a useful function by distributing goods to remote towns and villages, not yet served by trains. They enlivened village festivals with their musicianship, singing, and dancing. They gained a good reputation as people who could repair most anything. Townsfolk would await the arrival of the Travelers to hear the latest news and gossip from other parts of the realm. Gypsies were also quite involved in the harvesting of hops in England and Ireland, while their womenfolk worked carnivals and fairs telling fortunes. One writer invited tourists to come and see the Gypsies, but advised them to come in the morning, as at night the Gypsies are inebriated. The coming of mechanized harvesting machines, as well as cheap machine-manufactured goods, lessened the demand for work common to Gypsy travelers. See all 21 photosPOSTER ADVERTISING A SLAVE AUCTION IN WALLACHIA, 1852
ROMA GYPSIES
In Romania, 200,000 Gypsy persons were still enslaved in the first half of the nineteenth century. They worked as grooms, coachmen, cooks, barbers, tailors, farriers, comb makers, and domestic servants. Their masters could kill them with impunity. One reformer described the treatment of these slaves in Iasi: "human beings wearing chains on their arms and legs, others with iron clamps round their foreheads . . . Cruel floggings and other punishments, such as starvation, being hung over smoking fires, being thrown naked into a frozen river . . . children torn from the breasts of those who brought them into the world, and sold . . . like cattle." Before World War One, Gypsies drew huge crowds in England and France when they would wander into a town. People longed to see Gypsy women in person, with gold coins around their necks and bosoms, as well as in their hair-plaits. Gypsy men would call on factories, breweries, hotels, and restaurants in search of work repairing copper vessels and the like. The United States welcomed a large number of Ludar, or "Romanian Gypsies" (actually most were from Bosnia) from 1880 to 1914. These people joined circuses as animal trainers and performers. Passenger manifests show that they brought bears and monkeys with them across the Atlantic. See all 21 photosGYPSY WOMEN
GYPSY LIFE
In traditional Gypsy culture, the father arranges the marriage of his son with the father of a prospective bride. The young people generally have the right of refusal. The father of the groom pays a bride-price, which varies according to the status of the two fathers and the two families, as well as the girl's potential as an earner and "history." The new couple then resides with the parents of the groom. The new bride must perform household duties for her in-laws. Sometimes families exchange daughters as brides for their respective sons. A great fear of Gypsy people through the ages has been of the mullo (a ghost or vampire). In some tribes of Gypsies, it is customary to destroy all property belonging to a dead person to prevent them from haunting the living. In England this would include the person's living-wagon (van). The Gypsies also dread being declared "polluted" by their clan, which is social death. One can become polluted (defiled) by contact with an unclean female, whose lower parts are consideredmarime. This term is complicated but we can safely say it has much to do with genitalia, bodily functions, puberty, menstruation, sex, pregnancy, and childbirth. See all 21 photosFRENCH GYPSIES
GYPSIES
Gypsies were never well received in Germany. Near the close of nineteenth century, things got worse as Germans subscribed to the theories of Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso. One of his ideas was that criminality is inherited. As one proof of this, Lombroso pointed to the Gypsies, whom he described as generation after generation of people who are vain, shameless, shiftless, noisy, licentious, and violent. Not to mention puppeteers and accordion players.In 1886, Bismarck noted "complaints about the mischief caused by bands of Gypsies traveling about in the Reich and their increasing molestation of the population." In 1899, a clearing house was set up in Munich to collate reports of the movements of Gypsies. The general German opinion was that the nomadic Gypsies used the cover of being entertainers and perfume dealers, but actually focused on begging and stealing. In 1905, Alfred Dillmann distributed hisGypsy Book to police around Europe. The book profiled 3,500 Gypsies. Dillmann hoped it would help eradicate the "Gypsy Plague." By 1926, laws were passed that made it compulsory for Gypsies in Germany to have a permanent address and maintain regular employment. Violators were sentenced to two years in a workhouse. The reason for this penalty was: "These people are by nature opposed to all work and find it especially difficult to tolerate any restriction of their nomadic life; nothing, therefore, hits them harder than loss of liberty, coupled with forced labor." In Switzerland, after 1926, Gypsy children were taken from their parents; their names were changed, and placed in foster homes. This policy ended in 1973. See all 21 photosGYPSY WOMAN
GYPSY HISTORY
Nazi spokesman Georg Nawrocki had this to say in 1937: "It was in keeping with the inner weakness and mendacity of the Weimar Republic that it showed no instinct for tackling the Gypsy question. . . . We, on the other hand, see the Gypsy question as above all a racial problem, which must be solved and which is being solved." The National Socialists designated Gypsies, along with Jews, for annihilation.Dr. Robert Ritter, a Nazi scientist, wrote in 1940: "Gypsies [are] a people of entirely primitive ethnological origins, whose mental backwardness makes them incapable of real social adaptation . . . The Gypsy question can only be solved when . . . the good-for-nothing Gypsy individuals . . . [are] in large labor camps and kept working there, and when further breeding of this population . . . is stopped once and for all."The National Socialist Workers Party (NAZI) rounded up the Gypsies for "protective custody," and shipped them off to concentration camps. Gypsy persons were forcibly sterilized, the subjects of medical experiments, injected with typhus, worked to death, starved to death, froze to death, and gassed in various numbers. The total dead at the hands of the Nazis is estimated to be 275,000.See all 21 photosKALDERASH WOMEN ON THE MARCH IN ENGLAND, 1911See all 21 photosGYPSY BEAR TRAINERS
GYPSY HISTORY
By the 1960s, Gypsy caravans were now mostly drawn with motorized vehicles, and tents had largely been replaced by rough shacks. Many took up residence in state supplied slum housing. Most Gypsies remained uneducated and illiterate. Many of the men became scrap dealers, and some worked with copper to produce ornamental, decorative pieces of art. Gypsy women were still noted for fortune telling and begging. Some Gypsy children turned to shoplifting, picking pockets, and stealing from vehicles, since they were immune to prosecution. One would expect that Gypsy people would have fared well under Communist regimes, what with their stated philosophy of equality for all. But entrepreneurial activities were illegal in Communist states, and these were the specialties of Gypsies. There were 134,000 Gypsies in the Soviet Union in 1959; by the census of 1979 they numbered 209,000. Nomadism was against Soviet law. Work in Soviet factories and farms held little appeal to Gypsies. Starting in the 1950s, Poland offered housing and employment to Gypsies, but most continued to wander. Therefore, Gypsies were forbidden to travel in caravans in 1964. This law was strictly enforced, and within two years 80 percent of Gypsy children were enrolled in school. In Czechoslovakia, a law was passed in 1958 that forced Gypsies into settlements. Violators had their horses killed and wagons burned. The Czech people looked down on Gypsies as a primitive, backward, and degenerate people. 222,000 of them were counted in the 1966 census, and 9 percent of all babies born that year in Czechoslovakia were Gypsies. Their numbers rose to 288,000 by 1980. Romania, in the early 1970s, tried to obliterate Gypsy culture and force the Gypsies into squalid ghettos. Their valuables were confiscated, including their favorite form of savings—huge old gold coins. Bulgaria forbade Gypsies to travel and closed their associations and newspapers. Things were better under the milder form of Communism practiced in Yugoslavia. There we see television and radio stations that broadcast in the Romani language. Gypsies began to participate in regional politics, and a few hundred of them became doctors, lawyers, and engineers. Still, only 20 percent of Gypsy adults had even attended elementary school. They settled in small towns, and began buying and selling ready-made goods, surplus and seconds, and used clothing. See all 21 photosGYPSY DANCER
GYPSY LIFE
Gypsies embraced education more readily in Britain. They seemed to become aware that at least basic school learning is necessary in the modern age. It is handy to be able to write estimates and receipts; to read plans and manuals; to hold a driving license and insurance; and mostly, to be able to deal with Britain's social services bureaucracy. A 1989 report by the European Community stated that only 35 percent of 500,000 Gypsy children in the 12 member states attended school regularly; half had never been to school even one time; hardly any went on to secondary education; and Gypsy adults had an illiteracy rate of 50 percent. Spain decided to integrate the Gypsies, but there was a fierce backlash from Spanish citizens against having Gypsies as neighbors, or having their children attend school with Gypsy children. In Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria settled Gypsy families were beaten up and their houses set on fire. For this reason, some reverted to the nomadic life. See all 21 photosTHE CARAVANS - GYPSY CAMP NEAR ARLES (PAINTING BY VINCENT VAN GOGH)The GypsiesAmazon Price: $30.76List Price: $43.95
GYPSIES
Today, there are five or six million Gypsies living in Europe. Over one million live in Romania; half a million in both Bulgaria and Hungary; a quarter of a million in Russia, Spain, Serbia, and Slovakia.In France and Italy, Gypsy families still work the circus and fairgrounds. In many countries they operate repair services of various types; sell used cars, furniture, antiques, and junk; sell carpet and textiles. They still hawk, make music, and tell fortunes.One new development is the rise in Pentecostalism among Gypsies. There is even a Gypsy Evangelical Church, with over 200 churches in France alone.There have been six World Romani Congress forums held, from 1971 to 2004, to discuss how best to press for rights for the Gypsy people.My primary source for this article is The Gypsies by Sir Angus Fraser.ADS BY GOOGLEMing Wang Fall 2013shop.nordstrom.comShop Ming Wang at Nordstrom.com View new styles - Free shipping!Imperial Rome Tourromeconnection.com/rome-tourBest Private Tour of Rome? don't look any more, You Found It!"Do You Hate Obama?"OnePoliticalPlaza.comFind out what the republicans don't want you to know. Read this now. Last updated on March 4, 2013Vote UpVote Downuseful(60)funnyawesome(48)beautiful(17)interesting(21)followPREVIOUSThe House of DavidNEXTVaclav HavelDiscover More HubsAll Things Gypsy: A Brief History & Cultural...Curse of the GypsyGypsy Halloween CostumesEverything You Want To Know About The GypsyMisunderstood EmpireA tour of Switzerland in vintage postcardsGypsy's but not Tramps and ThievesThinner: Stephen King's Hidden Treasure
Comments 351 comments
Gayla sims 4 weeks agoI loved reading this on The Gypsies. I'm doing a family history and I knew my grandpa was Roma Gypsy from him telling my Mom. She was never told details. Grandpa always looked for his Mother and his sister , his father left them in Utah and Grandpa was taken to Calif. They were never found. We would go to Utah in the summer to the Mormon church and search records.. In my Family History search I have found Censes of their family on Indian Reservations in Idaho and Washington in the early 1900's on the Mormon census. It said Grandpa's Mother Rachael was a Fortune Teller and his Father was a horse Trader. I found his Mother years after the split in Arizona , but have never found Grandpa's Sister Goldy.. Would Their Mother have gave her up for adoption?? being she was on her own? I enjoyed the information. Thank you. I'm not sure on how to trace Great-Grandpas family back before he was born, like did they come from England?latifah 2 months agohey James, I was wondering if you could tell me anything about how gypsy migration affected the music culture of the countries they passed through?Carolina 2 months ago-Network Blogs Name: Anne E.Google+ Name: Francine E.I'm Subscribed to You in Google Reader (RSS) and through Email with this Email: alyiskas (at) yahoo dot comTHANKS!Hasima Beganovic (mimi) 7 months agoHi , I never met my dad but knew he was gypsy , so i'm a muslim and gypsy . I never knew they sold their daughters . Thanks a lot for writing this it told me a lot about gypsies and now I know more about them . thanks you , hasima beganovic (mimi)James A Watkins 9 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorKaie Arwen--- Ahhh!! My favorite Hubber! It is always a distinct pleasure to see that you have been reading my work again. This warms the cockles of my heart. You have made my day, my dear.I appreciate your recognition of some of my finer pieces of work. I mean, I like them! :-)Yea, my Author Score reflects the fact that the Staff at HubPages does not like my political views, and totally disdains the fact that I articulate them so well as to be beyond refutation by any truthful soul.From the raw statistics anyone can see right through their claim that it is simply mysterious algorithms at play. Sure, and the moon is made of green cheese. I don't know where I would be without your encouragement and support. From the bottom of my heart, I thank thee.JJRBJSergio 9 months agoHi James , I would like to tell you this: When you read or heard Gypsy, Gypsies, Gyppos, Gypsy-Cab that all must be for the other something Illegal and Criminal, but Roma people haven't nothing to do with Gypsies! Roma people spoke Romanes their own language! The real Gypsies spoke all other languages English,French,Italian,German,Russian,Croatian,Albanian,Hungarian,Arabic, Asian etc. Roma people were marked as Gypsies by non Roma people, just as the Africans they were marked by non Africans as Negros, Blacks etc. This Stereo Style of racist society is part of National Culture of the world for the last of 2.000 years and is still alive today! Roma aren't Gypsies, Roma are Roma. The majority of people haven't any proof of origin about Roma people and it is just speculation as Hitler's Team of Racist Experts used India.I t will be interested to find out from where originally come into the world the English, French, Germans, Italians, Russians, Albanians, Czechs, Polish,Swedish, Norwegians, Danish, Hungarians, Serbians, Croatians, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Greeks, Algerians, Syrians, Egyptians, Saudi Arabians, Iraqis, etc? What you think James?Kaie Arwen 9 months agoJJRBJ- Gypsies, Vietnam, The World is Alive, and a repertoire of other impeccably written pieces leaves the author with a score of "76" ????????? A lack of credibility seems to be shadowing Hubpages itself; they need to have their algorithms checked........... or possibly that's the problem; they've "checked" them. ~ YKSBHMFJames A Watkins 9 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorPAUL BAKER UK-- Yes, Paul. You are right that the slaughter of the buffalo was a terrible thing for the American Indians. And a terrible thing period. Senseless and useless and extremely wasteful.Thank you very much for taking the time to read my article about Gypsies. I am not sure what Buffalo and Indians have to do with Gypsies but anyway, I appreciate your comments.PAUL BAKER UK 9 months agoDID NOT ALL THE BUFFALO THAT GOT SLAUGHTED HAVE A DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON THE INDIANS THAT IS A DOCUMENTED FACT IS IT NOT.James A Watkins 10 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorShanti Perez-- You are quite welcome. Thank you for taking the time to read it. I look forward to reading some of your writings. Welcome to the HubPages Community!James :-)Shanti Perez 10 months ago from Spokane, Washington, U.S.A.Thank you for writing all of this! A lot of facts and history.James A Watkins 10 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorMarija--- Hello! I have a few friends in Orlando, Florida who are from Croatia, from Split.I am so glad that you enjoyed reading my article about the Gypsies. Thank you for taking the time to read it. I very much appreciate your nice note. I enjoyed reading your thoughful and insightful remarks.Merry Christmas!JamesJames A Watkins 10 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorHello Sergio!! Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!I hope that 2013 is the best year of your life yet.God Bless You.JamesSergio 10 months agoHi James, I wish you Health, Merry Christmas, Peace & Good Luck in 2013! Sergiomarija 10 months agohi,I come from Croatia. been living near the gypsies my whole life, went to school with them . I'm glad I found out so much about their origin and their way of living throughout, well, the millenium. that explains alot of their habits and lifestyle. they settled almost 50 years ago in my town and it takes time to adjust to each other.James A Watkins 11 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorPhyllis Doyle— Hello there! You are most welcome. I do apologize for not responding sooner to your awesome remarks. I have been quite ill for nearly 2 weeks now.Anyway, I thank you very much for taking the time to read my articles. It means a lot to me that you would.I am now officially back to work on my book, after a 2 month hiatus to clear my head of it. I am refreshed and excited to finish it now. I will let you know when it is done, my friend.Well, I sincerely appreciate your kind comments and warm words. Thanks again for visiting. :-)JamesPhyllis Doyle 12 months ago from the high desert of Nevada.Level 6 CommenterHi James. Your reply to Sergio, three days ago, really sparked my interest and I am now off to read your hub that you gave a link to.I follow the comments to this Gypsy hub and find them very interesting. I always admired the Gypsy people for being able to hold on to their traditions and way of life regardless of where they must journey in life.Thank you for writing such interesting and detailed hubs that continue to hold my interest long after I have read them -- that is the mark of a great writer that you can do that. I am anxious to read your book when you have it published.James A Watkins 12 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorSergio— Hello again, my friend! I am sorry it took so long to respond. The results of the recent election here had me quite depressed. But I am feeling better.I appreciate you coming back by. Thank you for your additional comments, which are insightful. I am part Native American.Your 'friends' are way off base with their ideas. Probably not their fault. They just regurgitate what they have been taught.Oil was not discovered until around 1900 and the conflicts with the Indians long over by then. And gold was very little of the reason behind any conflict between whites and Indians. Maybe in the Black Hills. The Europeans who first came to America absolutely did not come for riches. They came for religious freedom. They certainly had no intentions of killing anybody and surely did not consider themselves capable of wiping out a race of people—genocide—even if they wanted to, which they didn't.In the 17th century, America was primitive and nearly vacant. A few million Neolithic people were scattered over millions of square of miles of land.In 1630, American Indians numbered 400,000 east of the Appalachian Mountains. 3,800 people from England had joined them. The Indians were crippled by tribal feuds, and then decimated by infectious diseases such as smallpox, chicken pox, measles, and influenza, for which evolution or Providence had afforded them no protection.Up to 90 percent of these Indians had disappeared from disease by 1670. The Indians had low fertility rates, partly because they breast-fed infants for three or four years. They suffered from very high infant mortality.In contrast, the English reproduced at the biological maximum—8.3 children per wife. By 1690, the English outnumbered the Indians east of the Appalachians. The English colonists did not come to America to convert, enslave, or kill the Indians.The ideas promulgated by those who are on a mission to deconstruct America—the colonists stole or defrauded Indians of their land and committed genocide—are false.Indians were thrilled to sell land to colonists—they had an almost unlimited supply of it. The Indians coveted the knives, hoes, clothes, and jewelry the colonists had a limited supply of to trade. Indians often initiated these trades. The Puritans allowed Indians to hunt and fish on lands after they purchased them. Boundary disputes were rare.The English settlers were so far advanced compared to the indigenous tribes in technology, agriculture, and plain organizational skills, that if it was a Darwinian contest for an ecological niche, it was no contest.The colonists did not think themselves racially superior to Indians. They believed Indians were only dark- skinned due to effects of the sun. They thought themselves culturally superior; though it is not clear what you would expect them to think when they met people who had not yet discovered the wheel, possessed no written language, and were essentially living in the Stone Age.These are just a few of the real facts. For the whole story, I wrote about it in anotheer article, which is here:http://james-a-watkins.hubpages.com/hub/America-inIt is a dirty world in which we live, Sergio. Best wishes and God Bless You!james :)Sergio 12 months agoHi James again, I was talking with Native American Indians in Virginia and as well in Mexico about the genocide. Yes it was genocide, gold,oil and the land was the reason why the European Invaders started the genocide of Native American Indians in the North and South of America. Nothing much was change, the genocide of another people is still on in different part of the world even today for the a same reason by educated people with high profile. It is dirty world James the place where we live. Best wishes.SergioJames A Watkins 13 months ago from MichiganHub Authoroceansider— Hello there, Helen!The Gypsies are truly a fascinating people with an incredible story. I am glad you enjoyed my essay about them.Thank you for taking the time to come and read my Hub. I surely appreciate your kind compliments and excellent comments. And you are quite welcome. It is great to hear from you!Ciao,Jamesoceansider 13 months agoHi James,What a wonderful article about gypsies. I never really knew much about them, where they were from or what they did. Thank you for telling us about the history of the gypsy people....it's very interesting reading!...I never knew that the Nazis captured gypsies & tortured and killed them....and I didn't realize they came first from India....thanks for all the info.Take care, HelenJames A Watkins 14 months ago from MichiganHub Authoruturn— You are quite welcome. Thank you very much for taking the time to read my article. I am sorry it is so long. And that is even after I cut it down some. It is a long story. I appreciate your patience.Your comments are fascinating, to be sure. I am glad you posted them here. God will set things straight in the end. That's right. God Bless You!uturn 14 months agoVery time consuming article of history and thanks for insight even if not all true ! Great to see time put into this and love learning history. Many thanks for you taken the time ...About genocide ! I say that war can be manipulated for a form of genocide and that man and power of govt s people/doers and not the Head as figure head,just the plotters of doing in humans for the fact of people not growing and or for take over and all the spies/Salvatore shit that goes with the discus sting human piece of shits that preform and come up with ways to kill and control humans. GOD WILL END THIS FOR SURE AND THE PEOPLE OF THE PLOT !!James A Watkins 15 months ago from MichiganHub Authorrickylicea— I think you are on to something.I appreciate your encouragement of my work. I am sure I will be back publishing new Hubs as soon as I finish my first book. Thank you for the compliments.rickylicea 15 months agoWow, it felt like reading a magazine article.Perhaps the tendency of the state to have a sedentary populace that can be easily directed, is what makes the gypsies so unpopular.I think I'm going to go over all your archive.Hope you write more hubs.James A Watkins 16 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorWestern Canada— As to your other two comments that have nothing to do with Gypsies:Genocide is defined in my dictionary as the "systematic, planned annihilation of a racial, cultural or political group." Annihilation refers to killing human beings, with malice and aforethought. People being killed accidently by smallpox is not genocide; people killed on the losing side of war is not genocide. Indian children being educated as to bring them out of the Stone Age and into the modern world is not genocide.The apologies you mention from the Canadian Government for the Residential Schools do not mention genocide. Now you propose this new term: "Cultural Genocide." I find it fascinating that haters of civilization believe every culture is worth preserving—even cannibals who run around naked and practice human sacrifice—except Western Culture, the only one that has lifted mankind out of the morass of mass ignorance and delivered prosperity like the world had never dared dream possible and provides Western-haters with the very tools that allow them to manifest this hatred: the printing press, electricity, telephones, computers, the internet, et al.Anybody can spout off any kind of nonsense but that doesn't make it true. I found some groups claiming "cultural genocide" had taken place against American Indians but you dropped the word "culture" making it appear that it was genocide such as the true meaning of the word, e.g., Nazi Death Camps. This is pure propaganda inspired by Satan, the Father of Lies.The article to which you kindly provided a link in "OB RAG" is chock full of lies and bending of the truth. It claims itself to be a "progressive" rag—code for "anti-heterosexual white Christian man and his Western Civilization of which we are insanely envious and that we hate because we worship in the Synagogue of Satan." The article claims the State of California hired militias to "exterminate" Indians and that is total BS. The militias were formed to protect white men, women, and children who were being exterminated by Indians.http://www.militarymuseum.org/MilitiaandIndians.htWhen Mexico became independent in 1821, California was a remote and nearly uninhabited land. It had no schools or industry; life was lived in chaos and anarchy. Disease carried by the Spaniards killed off 75% of the 75,000 Native Americans in California by 1800. That is not genocide because they didn't do it on purpose. In 1848, the entire population of California was 40,000—10,000 Americans; 10,000 Mexicans; 20,000 Native Americans. The article you sent me claims there were hundreds of thousands of Indians in California in 1848 and that is pure nonsense. What is going on here is the making up of lies to smear the white man. It spreads through so-called "multiculturalism" and its attendant "political correctness" both of which originated from Cultural Marxists—all Atheists and Marxists—bent on destroying Western Civilization, Free Enterprise, the Rule of Law, Freedom and Liberty, and the Christian Faith.The Canadian Indian residential school system was intended to assimilate the children of the Aboriginal peoples in Canada into European-Canadian society. The purpose was never "genocide." You need to read something of history that was not written by Western-haters inspired by the Devil.Thank you for your comments. You forced me to spend a couple hours researching this history in Canada and California. The only websites I can find that back up your point of view are hack sites set to grind axes against the people to which a great debt is owed for bringing these people out of the Stone Age. I am between 1/8 and 1/4 Indian myself (Cherokee) but the Truth is the Truth and the Truth is that my Indian ancestors had not yet discovered the wheel. I thank God that I do not have to live as the Indians did before the white man brought modernity. I like my air conditioning and planes, trains, and automobiles. I like television and movies and recordings of music. I like modern medicine and the great cities of the white man. I enjoy the modern world. I am no primitive savage. And the Noble Savage is a myth.James A Watkins 16 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorWestern Canada— You are quite welcome. Thank you very much for taking the time to read my article. I certainly never meant to imply that Gypsies were a distinct "race" of people. They do appear to me to be a distinct "people." You may not see yourself as exotic but I do and I am the author of my piece. Exotic is surely not meant as any type of insult. The word means "from another part of the world" which to me, as a Western Man, they are. It can also mean "intriguingly unusual" which to most people everywhere is a description that applies.You mention "because of the way we were segregated in Europe" referring to quite olden days but that segregation was CHOSEN because the Gypsies I refer to were constantly on the move, traveling, specifically rejected the European lifestyle of settling down in a house in a town, etc. etc. etc. Which I think is just fine but I wouldn't act like someone forced them to live that lifestyle. In fact no forced to come to Europe at all. I believe many people from the Gypsie background over the centuries did settle down and eventually blend in with the people around them. In other words, many people may have some Gypsy blood and not know it. It was the ones who continued to live a completely different lifestyle than their European hosts who stood out as "exotic."I enjoyed your excellent commentary very much and I appreciate you chiming in here. I do not claim to know more about your people than you do. I only enjoy teaching people about interesting knowledge they might be curious about and from the amount of readership this Hub has gotten I can tell you this is a subject that arouses much interest.western canada 16 months agoCORRECTION:10,000 lawsuits, not class-action lawsuits, were filed over residential school abuse. The lawsuits were grouped into a class-action lawsuit in 1995. In 1998, an apology was issued, but it was not until 2007 that a full apology and compensation were issued, and that a Genocide was officially acknowledged to have occurred.western canada 16 months agoAnd by the way, on a related note, James A Watkins, I read a comment in which you stated that there was no genocide of Native Americans.Where I live, in Canada, an estimated 40-60 000 First Nations children died in the church-run Residential Schools. The RCMP, Truth and Reconciliation Committee, and local police are still collecting forensic evidence, and have exhumed dozens of mass graves at these schools. I personally attended the Truth and Reconciliation Committee hearings in Victoria. The Prime Minister of Canada issued a formal apology several years ago, and the Government has officially admitted that a genocide occurred. Over 150,000 Canadian First Nations and Metis children were placed in Residential schools until 1984, and another 100,000 were routinely removed from their homes by authorities, often for no reason at all, during the "Sixties Scoop" (which lasted until 1985). As early as 1995, there were as many as 10,000 class action lawsuits filed against the federal government, many of them for severe crimes, such as murder, rape, torture, and forcible confinement. I personally have many friends who are First Nations, and I can personally attest from hearing the first-hand testimonies of their parents and grandparents that horrific atrocities took place systematically, right up until 1984. The mother of one of my friends was repeatedly raped at Kuper Island Residential School, just north of where I live, and witnessed other classmates being beaten to death. She attended the school until 1973. Her case was verified as true during an official government investigation. While there were many isolated cases of children who found protection and guidance by some residential school techers, the system was intended to destroy First Nations culture, and the overwhelming result was a genocide directed against First Nations children.http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/index.phhttp://www.shenandoahfilms.com/Kuper-Island-Returnwww.youtube.com/watch?v=sXPYWbLFn9Ihttp://issuu.com/canadashistory/docs/teachingcanadAs for the USA, you might want to read up on what happened in Northern California, Wounded Knee, or Florida. Those were incidents where people were killed, beyond a reasonable doubt, not by disease, but by military and paramilitary genocide.http://obrag.org/?p=1412You should really do your research, James.western canada 16 months agoDear James A Watkins,I appreciate the time you took to write your article.I do have some comments, though. I have two constructive criticisms to make, as well as some cultural information you might find interesting.My two constructive criticisms are:1) The article seems to imply that gypsies are a "race" (it's worth asking what "race" even is, or whether it's just a concept), and often fails to describe the Romany as an extremely diverse collection of peoples. A good comparison to the Romany would be the Native American cultures of North America: many peoples with distinct cultures, but related by shared values.2) The article begins by describing the Gypsies as an "exotic" people. Please, I would urge you to avoid making such a statement. What is and isn't exotic is a matter of personal perception; it's a judgment. Even if it's a well-intentioned statement, it opens the door to stereotyping and discrimination. I don't see myself as "exotic".Now, for some info that might further challenge your perception of the Roma.I am a mixed-ancestry Romany living in British Columbia, Canada. My father is white; my mother is a Gypsy. Her family emigrated to Canada in the late 1800's from an area of Europe called Bukovina.Now, my family did not label themselves as "Gypsy". My mother definitely has East Indian ancestry (and possibly some African as well). A long time ago, my family chose to embrace Judaism. In a sense, being Jewish was a way of being Romany; it was a way of being different. Because of the way we were segregated in Europe, we were classified as Jews instead of Gypsies, although we were also discriminated against for being brown. In living memory, no one in my family has spoken a Romany dialect; we spoke Yiddish in Europe. That being said, we had many connections with other Romany groups. In the 1700's we were forced into urban ghettoes where there were severe food shortages. During this time, some of my family members moved to Palestine, to Safed, where they studied Kabbalist mysticism. In the 1840's we were moved into a rural Reservation/shtetl in Bukovina--very close to the Csango and Hutsul commnities, who are indigenous groups that continue to practice their ways.Gypsies like me in North America continue to draw on our heritage and culture, while striving to develop our identities in an ever-changing world. I listen to death metal music and rap and wear jeans, but I also practice Kabbalist mysticism in the tradition of my ancestors. The world is a troubled place, and every culture has it's problems (I even have family members who fit some of the negative Roma stereotypes). By drawing on the knowledge of where we come from, we can all try and build a better world, a sustainable world, one that is rich in prosperity and beauty.Thank you for reading this commentary, Mr.Watkins.peaceJames A Watkins 17 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorVegas Elias— Welcome to the HubPages Community! I look forward to reading some of your writings, which I shall attend to soon.Thank you for taking the time to read my article about the Gypsies. I appreciate your thoughtful and insightful comments.I am well pleased to meet the gentleman from Mumbai. I see from your profile page we share an intense interest in history and religion.JamesJames A Watkins 17 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorPhyllis Doyle— Hello there! It is great to hear from you again, my dear. I hope all is well with you and yours. Thank you for your excellent comments. I appreciate you coming back to read this Hub again. And you are most welcome.I am fascinated by the Gypsies too. Always have been.james :)James A Watkins 17 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorAngela Brummer— Thank you for the kind compliments. I appreciate the visit and I look forward to reading some of your Hubs soon. :DJamesJames A Watkins 17 months ago from MichiganHub Authorkashmir56— Hello there! I am glad you found this Hub, and well pleased that you enjoyed it. :)You know I appreciate the vote up and even more that you shared my article with your other friends. Awesome! Thank you very much for visiting and for the accolades. It is always a pleasure to hear from you.Vegas Elias 17 months ago from MumbaiIt is very difficult to ascertain from where the Gypsies dispersed throughout Asia and Europe. However given their dress and lifestyle it is safe to deduce that they may be from Rajasthan, India, as this is the place where people still dress up that way and have similar traditions and music.I feel they should be recognized as an international community.Phyllis Doyle 17 months ago from the high desert of Nevada.Level 6 CommenterHi James. Once in awhile I come back to read this hub. I have, since a little girl, always been intrigued by the Gypsy peoples. They have held on to their traditions, way of dress, and beliefs for centuries. Few peoples retain the ancestral ways in this day and age like the Gypsies do -- so, I like reading about them. I just wanted to thank you again for such an interesting hub. :)James A Watkins 17 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorNearFar— I had not heard that horrific story. I appreciate you bring it to my attention. Thank you for reading my article.Angela Brummer 17 months ago from Lincoln, NebraskaTHis is so well researched and written. Im Very intigued by the Gypsies!kashmir56 17 months ago from MassachusettsLevel 6 CommenterHi my friend, some how i missed this hub. I enjoyed reading this interesting and fascinating history of gypsies . Much of it i did not know before but thanks to your research and great writing i have learned more about gypsies,well done !Vote up and more !!! SHARING !James A Watkins 17 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorMike— I appreciate your comments. Thank you very much for taking the time to read my article and respond. It is good to hear an eyewitness report. I haven't seen anything like what you report myself. Then again I cannot discount your account either. No worries about grammar here. Thanks again.NearFar 17 months agoOne can see today, a German girl, held hostage over 8 years by a Bosnia Roma couple, where she was fed pig food, raped and made to pull a cart while the couple laughed. There is no defense of this horrific inhuman mistreatment. They cannot spend enough years in jail to pay for this crime.Mike 17 months agoPlease excuse my grammar mistakes, i did not check for the them when i posted (and i see there is no edit button). My apologizeMike 17 months agoThe truth is that gypsies steal, kill, rape and do all sort of bad things.Now before you jump at me and call me a racist or what ever word you heard on the internet, here this.If seen gypsies attack people with knivesm trying to steal lil kids in my country. Don't dare say "huh wheres is the proof" there videos from news stations in my country. where a women was hit by a car and people rushed to her aid. while the gypsies came and stole her bags and money.I saw little gypsy kids with knifes stealing from people in the bus and trolley.And i could go on for ages. I have horrible stories with facts! Videos from the news stations.These are the real gypsies.James A Watkins 18 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorHonza—Well, I am not sure how "official" it is but I believe the story I told here to be the Truth. Gypsies are definitely not from Egypt or Israel. It appears they are from India originally but you may have noticed that my recent guest "Sergio" is a Roma person and he says the Roma are not Gypsies and that they originate in Persia.Thank you very much for reading my article and posting your comments.James A Watkins 18 months ago from MichiganHub Authorwhowas— You are quite welcome, my friend. I appreciate you coming over to visit and reading my article on the Gypsies. Thank you ever much for the kind compliments and the voted up.Welcome, Austin, to the HubPages Community! I look forward to reading your writings, which I shall attend to soon. Like you, I also "have a passion for history," and would like to consider myself "a renaissance man." :DI enjoyed reading your fascinating profile page. How blessed you are to "live between homes in the North of England and Central Italy, with my wife, two home-educated children, a dog and several chickens."Your comments are extraordinarily interesting, especially the part about Jesus and the Gypsy boy. I am glad you shared that with us. Thanks again for your excellent remarks.JamesJames A Watkins 18 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorSergio— Thank you for the best wishes and your kind comments. I am well pleased that we engaged on this subject. :DJamesHonza 18 months agoSo is this the official information of where Romani come from? Cuz Im a 17 year old Gypsy and I am from Czech Repbulic, and I keep hearing that they are from either Israel or Egypt. So I would like to know on where they are actually orginated.whowas 18 months agoA marvellous and informative hub, sir!I live a large part of the year in the far North East of England, very near the coast. This is the least populated county in the country but its wild and windswept landscape have been 'home' to generations of gypsies. Thier camps are very evident along the local coastal roads. They graze their stock of horses, tethered on long chains on the commons and can often be seen riding bareback through the towns, or driving small horse-drawn carts along the beaches.Of course, these days they are more likely to be wearing denims and a pair of sneakers and their caravans are large, modern homes towed by 4x4s. However, they keep up many of their old traditions and are very secretive, rarely mixing with the house-dwellers in the nearby communities, although some of their children do attend local schools.Amongst themselves they still talk Romany and indeed, many Romani words have found their way into the local dialect. For example, a cluster of Northumbrain lads, watching the girls go by, might enjoin each other to 'deek a' tha' barey moart!' which is almost pure Romani for 'Look at the pretty woman!'In this area, they still use horses as the main measure of wealth and many seem to make their living dealing in scrap metal.I would venture (without intent to slander, as I have no direct evidence to support the case) that a certain amount of 'borrowing without permission' might also take place. On that point, I did once hear a local Gypsy defending his race's right to steal. He told a story and as I recall, he recounted how as Jesus was being laid out on the cross to be crucified, a Gypsy boy realized what the Romans were about to do and in a naive attempt to save him from this fate, stole the nails that the soldiers had prepared nearby. Jesus saw the boy and bade him replace the nails as it was God's will. However, in acknowledgement of the boy's good heart, he pronounced there and then that in time of need, Gypsies would be exonerated and could disregard the ninth commandment!Thanks for a very fine hub and an interesting read. Very happy to vote up and follow your writings.James A Watkins 18 months ago from MichiganHub Authoropiningminion— You are quite welcome. Thank you for the gracious compliments. I am glad you enjoyed my article. Welcome to the HubPages Community! :)Sergio 18 months agoHi James, we 7 Billions of people at the present time and the people after the next 100 years will have to learn about the mystery of the history of this world.Best wishes and happy life in this planet of mystery!SergioJames A Watkins 18 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorKitty A Smith— Thank you very much for taking the time to read my article. I appreciate your gracious compliments.I followed the link to your Lens and it is very cool. I enjoyed the pictures of the various vardo. It is always a pleasure to meet a fellow writer. :-)opiningminion 19 months agoThank you for a fresh and densly erudite piece. My reading of this was fortuitous yet timely as it has enriched my pursuits of the Romani culture.James A Watkins 19 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorSergio— Hello again! Welcome back.Oh no, I never even implied that fat people or those who wear glasses were put in concentration camps by Nazis. What I said was:"Thank you for the information about Genocide, Sergio. I read up on it and I am surprised at how broadly it is defined. It says genocide might include "mental harm." Wow! So fat people and people who wear glasses may be victims of genocide, too, if it is deemed they were mentally harmed by a society."Obviously my comment is not about concentration camps at all but about the very broad definition of genocide you sent me that said it included any sort of "Mental Harm," which could mean nearly anything—even an insult can cause mental harm, one might suppose.No, I have not visited the concentration camps. I am aware that Gypsies and Roma people were tortured and killed by the Nazis.I hope you had a wonderful Easter. God Bless You. And thank you for your enlightened and enlightening comments.JamesKitty A Smith 19 months agowhat an amazing Hub. You must have worked months gathering all of this informtion. I have just made a lens on Squidoo and in my research I found a drawing of the different styles of Vardo and this led me to your hub.I am fascinated with the Vardo. Such beauty and practicality in one place. This led me to create a lens on it.http://www.squidoo.com/gypsy-wagonsJames A Watkins 19 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorSarahandSophia— Welcome to the HubPages Community! I look forward to reading your writings.Thank you for checking out my article and for the gracious compliments. I have been to Wales and wrote a Hub about it!http://james-a-watkins.hubpages.com/hub/Wales-drivSergio 19 months agoHi James again, Do you know how many fat people and people who wear glasses woman,men,boys and girls end up their lives in Nazi Concentration Camps in Europe? Did you visit Dachau,Buchenwald,Auschwitz and other Monopoly Death Factory in Europe? No? So, try to visit the Nazis Paradise-Auschwitz in Poland. Than try to find something about White babies and children with blue eyes stolen from homes,schools,hospitals and streets by Nazis in Europe the children are alive today in Germany and they are German citizens but their real parents were murdered by Nazis in Europe. So when some racist or nazis will say that Roma steal children, than they have to study the Nazi Education of Crime Against Humanity. Nazis are still alive in this world,it is the heritage of uneducated criminals. Don't study Roma people,that is stereotypical habit! James try to study the history and heritage of genocide in this world,that is high education for every single person in this planet to learn why and how the genocide begin.Happy Easter and Best Wishes.SergioSarahandSophia 19 months agoGreat hub! I come from a Romani gypsy background. My family settled on the Western coast of Wales in early 1800s after leaving the mainland. There are two Rom tribes in Wales although they are not travelers so much anymore. I always love reading about this culture.James A Watkins 19 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorDon Bobbitt-- You are most welcome, my friend. It is a pleasure to hear from you again. Thank you ever much for taking the time to read this article. I know it is really long and I appreciate your patience.Your laudations made me smile! :DJames A Watkins 19 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorGusTheRedneck-- Hello Gus! You are welcome. I appreciate the tip on how to find out more information from that fine source about the Gypsies.Thank you for reading my article and for the accolades. :)Your friend JamesJames A Watkins 19 months ago from MichiganHub Authoreditorsupremo-- You are quite welcome. I appreciate the voted up! I am also well pleased by your kind comments.Thank you for taking the time to read my article. I look forward to reading some of your Hubs, which I will attend to soon. :DJames A Watkins 19 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorThank you for the information about Genocide, Sergio. I read up on it and I am surprised at how broad it is defined. It says genocide might include "mental harm." Wow! So fat people and people who wear glasses may be victims of genocide, too, if it is deemed they were mentally harmed by a society.I do see after further research that Roma people were enslaved for 500 years in Romania. I cannot seem to find any evidence of them being enslaved anywhere else, or by Columbus.I do not agree that the Truth is dead. Nor do I agree that Jesus Christ is dead. He and it are very much alive, my friend.I appreciate you illuminating my mind about some things. I have learned from you.Faithfully Yours,JamesDon Bobbitt 20 months ago from Ruskin FloridaLevel 5 CommenterJames, Another great Hub by the master.I somehow missed this one, but I really enjoyed it today.Fantastic information on an interesting sub-culture of our world.Thanks for your great work, Again!GusTheRedneck 20 months ago from TexasHi James - As is your norm, this is a fine and accurate article. Thanks.You can obtain a free download from www.gutenberg.org about Spanish Gypsies (entitled "the Zincali"). Interesting stuff.Gus :-)))editorsupremo 20 months ago from London, EnglandWow, a fascinating history of Gypsies who have always held a air or mystique. I didn't know that they emerged from India, I always thought of Gypsies as Romanian or originating in Europe. Thanks for sharing the information.Voted up!Sergio 20 months agoHi James, if you will read the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Adopted by Resulution 260(III)A of the United Nations General Assembly on 9 December 1948 the article 2 and 3 you can read what is genocide. Yes Roma were sold on Auctions just like today Cars on Car Auctions. Yes Mr.Columbus take Roma people from Europe with him as Slaves. In South of Africa the German and other build Concentration Camps before Hitler and use Africans from South Africa and Roma people from Europe as Slaves,tortured and killed many of them. Part of Genocide is when somebody refuse to give you axes to drink water or leave you without of food. I have a friends the are Navajo but they are not any more Native Indians,they are Americans and they haven't horses, they have 4WD Jeeps. Anyway,it is interesting to change our opinion about history which will be mystery for ever because truth is always dead just like Jesus Christ. Best wishes and peace with you. SergioJames A Watkins 20 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorSergio— You are welcome. I am part American Indian and I strongly disagree with your charcterization of "genocide" of Native Americans. That is a myth spawned by communist atheists who hate America. There never was any genocide. There were battles waged and won by both sides. There were small massacres by both sides. There were atrocities by both sides. Unfortunately, the whites, without knowing it, had germs that killed many Native Americans. None of these things qualify even remotely as "genocide."The Roma were hunted and sold as slaves, you say? I was not aware of that.Wait a minute . . . are you claiming that Columbus enslaved Roma peoples?You ask me to read about the genocide in South Africa . . . of whom? Persian Romas?I am familiar with the Armenian genocide of Christians by Muslims but what has that to do with Roma peoples?Don't worry about your English. You are doing fine. Thank you for your comments.JamesSergio 20 months agoHi James, thanks for your answer. If you will look and find the real genocide of Native American people in the North and South of America the Indians,you can find the Roma history as well. In Brasil there is millions of Roma people from Spain,Portugal and from all Europe, but most of them haven't idea that they are Roma they are Brasilians. There grandfathers and grandmothers were hunted and sold as Slaves when Mr.Columbus & Company from Europe established North & South of America. Former President of Brasil Juscelino Kubitchek was son of Roma family from Czechoslovakia and he was the founder of the city Brasilia but later his life end up with sad story. I wrote book about my life many publishers like to read my story but nobody like to published, it is true story and true story is always hard for many people to heard,read or see it just like the story of Genocide in South of Africa or in Armenia where many Roma live for long time.My English is very bad so I am sorry for the mistakes.Best wishes.SergioJames A Watkins 20 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorSergio— I am glad you came back and shared with me the story of your grandfather. I hope you share that with your children and always keep the memory of the ancient ones alive.I must thank you for the pleasure of learning more about your people from you. Your remarks are truly extraordinary.I cannot explain the subjects I choose to write about. I might just wake up one day and the thought hits me to write about this or that. I write about what I find fascinating. I keep a list, which now must have around 80 topics on it. I do not have the time to get to them all.One day I got to thinking about Gypsies. I didn't know much about them except from movies. So, I did some research and bought the most highly recommended book about Gypsies and made notes while I read it of what struck me as the most interesting parts of the story.I do not speak the language, no. I am a typical American: monolingual. :DIt is nice to meet you, Sergio. Thank you for the illuminating conversation.JamesSergio 20 months agoMy grandfather told me the story of his grandfather,that's how I know about our origin. We hate wars for 7.000 years and we are persecuted till today in this world of wars, that is the reason why we will always run and survive! All the Experiments with us before Hitler,Stalin and even today will never change us! We are educated because we hate wars and we respect the nature. We have nothing to learn from people who created the wars and genocide for gold,silver, copper,timber,diamonds,ivory,oil,gas or religion. We know this world very well for 7.000 years. James, why you have interest about Roma? Do you speak Romanes? Best wishes.SergioJames A Watkins 20 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorPhyllis Doyle— Thank you!! It is great to "see" you again. I will be honored and thrilled if you share this Hub with your friends on Facebook! :DI appreciate the visit and the accolades. I am glad you enjoyed my article.Toodles!James A Watkins 20 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorNeil Sperling— Like you, I lived a nomadic lifestyle at one time—for perhaps a decade. And yes, I love Gypsy music.Thank you very much for coming over to read this article. I appreciate the laudations.I will come by soon to read your new Hub and check out the upgrades to the one I have seen. Thanks for telling me about them.James :DPhyllis Doyle 20 months ago from the high desert of Nevada.Level 6 CommenterJames, this is a fantastic hub. The history of the Gypsy people is far more complex than I realized. You did a wonderful research and writing job on this, I am very impressed. I would love to share it on my facebook page if you do not mind.Neil Sperling 20 months ago from Port Dover Ontario CanadaLevel 2 CommenterJames - as usual a well researched and written hub. One I will come back to re-read as Gypsies fascinate me as I have moved around a lot myself. LOL Gypsies - always seem to be misunderstood and their poverty life style lead them often to crime for survival... yet their music is loved by all.for your info - I updated the walk off the earth hub so it better answers how they did the numbers - plus I wrote another hub on the power of duplication.. i thought of your question (how did they do it) while I wrote both... hope you enjoy the upgrades and the new hub.James A Watkins 20 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorSergio— Thank you very much for taking the time to read my article. I appreciate your fascinating comments. It is good of you to set the record straight.Sergio 20 months agoWe are NOT Gypsies and We are NOT from India!!!!!!!! We are people of Persian Empire the Roma,Kholi,Zott,Nuri etc. Our origin language was Parsi after so may wars in Persia we change our Parsi language because of the PERSECUTION!!!!! Just like the Irish people change the Irish original language into English because of the PERSECUTION for the last 800 years till today! Gypsies are not ROMA people,Gypsies are HOMELESS PEOPLE!!!!!! Roma people are NOT HOMELESS!!!!!!!!! That's all for today.James A Watkins 21 months ago from MichiganHub Authorjainismus— You are welcome. Thank you for taking the time to read my Hub. I know it is a very long one. I appreciate this nice note from you.jainismus 21 months ago from Pune, IndiaLevel 5 CommenterJames A Watkins,Interesting Hub. I had read about Gypsies long ago,but it was not in detail. You have given detailed information, thanks!James A Watkins 21 months ago from MichiganHub Authortechygran— I love that "Minor Swing" by the great Django Reinhardt. Thank you for providing the link.I didn't know the word "pal" came from the Rom language. Cool. I am not familiar with George Henry Borrow, but I was curious and so just now read a quick bio on him. Interesting.I appreciate your accolades. I am glad you enjoyed this Hub. And yes, quite a few comments have accrued on this one. Thank you for reading and for your insightful comments.techygran 21 months ago from Vancouver Island, CanadaLevel 2 CommenterI enjoyed reading this brilliant hub, James... I appreciate your clear summaries of the historical journey of these Rom peoples. Just thought I would throw in a link to Django Reinhardt playing a little gypsy-jazz guitar: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTlo809EIlo&ob=av2nThe Rom people I know about in Canada (Vancouver) used to be the guys who replated and fixed up restaurant cooking pots and utensils and sold cars from the curbs. But that was back 'in the day' before I was swallowed up by mothering. I read a couple of George Henry Borrow's books back in my Uni Linguistics class. The word "pal" comes from the Rom language for anyone who is interested...Great read! (I also love the comments your hubs accrue).James A Watkins 21 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorTams R— You are quite welcome. Thank you for reading my work and for your kind comments. I look forward to reading your writings soon.Tams R 21 months ago from MissouriI'm very glad I read your article before one of my children asked me about Gypsies. I was ill informed, thank you for changing that. I'm impressed with the amount of content you put into your work.James A Watkins 22 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorStorytellersrus— I do find the talking heads on NPR to be quite soothing. The are calm, quiet, and smooth in my experience. At least compared to other blaring radio stations. But sure, I also enjoy classical music.I wonder if female soldiers experience a higher rate of PTSD?I haven't seen anything about Gypsies on Fox News Channel that I recall.Thank you for your comments and you are quite welcome.James :-)Storytellersrus 22 months ago from Stepping past clutterJames, you must be talking about all the wonderful classical music played on KCFR, as opposed to most other stations! Certainly you are not speaking of the in depth interviews, for they are certainly not soothing.I just listened to an interview Ryan Warner conducted of a young PTSD female who had served in Iraq, has three children and is so traumatized she couldn't even share her story. She has been given an experimental therapy dog to help her regain her sanity and has sewn on its lapel, "All disabilities are not visible". Such stories break my heart and give me insight into aspects that one liner headlines like "High Percentage of Returning Vets Experience PTSD" do not.Certainly if the story you mention had been explored on Fox and this is extremely doubtful, the religious take on it would be to condemn these folk as unChristian, not attempt to understand exactly their reality. Judgment is pretty much the status quo in Rupert Murdoch's world, from what I have experienced with his news soldiers. Show me where they reported a gypsy story that refutes this and I will be happy to change my perspective on his.Thanks.James A Watkins 22 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorStorytellersrus— Thank you for your additional comments, Barbara. I like to listen to NPR when traveling by car. It has a soothing tone about it and is generally interesting.I appreciate the tips. And I wish you and yours the best year ever in 2012.James :DStorytellersrus 22 months ago from Stepping past clutterWell being a barbarian myself, I might take offense at that last line, but I choose not, lol. Anyway, next time you get incensed at an NPR story, write or call it in. They are very good about reading corrections on the air and listener comments make for fascinating listening. I learn a lot from that segment. NPR newsmen are my most respected commentators because they do care about accuracy to the point of allowing themselves to be maligned on the air, in order to get it right. Have a great day- night, actually! BarbaraJames A Watkins 22 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorStorytellersrus— Ah, yes. Now I've found it. I wrote:'I heard a Public Radio "newsman" say yesterday, regarding this story, "The message is: We don't want Gypsies in France." Of course, that is leftist propaganda, and a lie. There are 70,000 Gypsies who are French citizens, and nobody has said they don't want THEM in France. It is illegal alien Gypsies from Romania, who have been asked to leave France several times after overstaying their visitor visas and refusing to go, who are being deported. :)'Right. I was listening to NPR in the car and the guy says what he says. I came home to look up on the internet what Sarkozy was up to. It said 70,000 Gypsies had been accepted as French citizens over the past maybe ten years. Tens of thousands of others were allowed in under Visas that were issued and that they accepted that had a specific length of time they could stay and then—on the honor system—they had to go.I do not find this odd. I have had many Visas to visit foreign countries and they always had a date on which they expired. I would never have dreamed of staying longer than what I agreed to—a sort of a legal and binding contract.But these folks just want to stay forever in France but in the shadows. They can always count on some Lefties to rally to their cause— the open borders we are citizens of the world crowd. Then the people breaking the law are glorified and those who uphold the law denigrated—never mind that without the rule of law being upheld we will find out fast how thin is the veneer between civilized people and barbarians. :-)Storytellersrus 22 months ago from Stepping past clutterJames, interesting about Sigusmund, thanks! It is hard ro define motive centuries later, but those guesses tell a great deal about the time he lived in, ie, the concerns of the age.The NPR comment came in response to Paraglider. Sometimes the comment section becomes part of rhe article, in my pea brain!James A Watkins 22 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorStroytellersrus— I have wondered if "Cowboys and Aliens" is worth a look or not. I have been getting conflicting reports on that one.I am really glad you liked this Hub. I consider myself a Gypsy in that I have done a lot of wandering around in my time, mostly in my band days (20 years) when I was nearly always on the move. I once spent nine years traveling from town to town without a home or permanent address and with everything I owned in two suitcases.You ask a very good question regarding Sigismund. I can't say I know for sure. There appears to be three theories: 1) that Sigismund was convinced by the Gypsies that their value as tinkerers and goods distributors and as musicians was a good thing for his kingdom 2) that they were given safe passage in exchange for agreeing to Christian baptism 3) that in some cases, since they were widely traveled, they were important as spies to let Sigsmund know what was happening around his domains.I must confess that I don't recall anything about NPR and the Gypsies. I just now scanned down through all these comments looking for "NPR" and didn't see it. Can you refresh my memory what that was about?Thank you for reading this. I enjoyed reading your comments. And you are welcome.Storytellersrus 22 months ago from Stepping past clutterJames, I intended to read the hub and all it's comments but ran out of time, as the comments are extensive! Congrats!!! (my kids want me to pay attention to Cowboys and Aliens.)But first I must tell you how fascinating I found this hub. I am surprised you consider yourself a gypsy. In fact, you constantly surprise me. That being said, I learned a great deal from your research. I do have one question, why did Sigusmund give them safe passage? What was his reasoning and why was it necessary?Also, I am not sure I understand your complaint about the NPR newsman? Was he incorrect in that he stereotyped all gypsies? Was his statement in any way accurate regarding a portion of the population? Why do you think he got it wrong? Are you implying it was intentional? If so, why do you think he would intentionally say something like this?I have an affinity for nomads myself. Thanks.James A Watkins 23 months ago from MichiganHub Authorsnakeslane— I am glad you enjoyed this article. Thank you for saying so. I very much appreciate the accolades. Welcome to the HubPages Community! I look forward to reading some of your Hubs. :-)Jamessnakeslane 23 months ago from CanadaLevel 4 CommenterInteresting and enjoyable read James A Watkins, I appreciate the research you've done and the resulting colourful story. Regards, snakeslaneJames A Watkins 23 months ago from MichiganHub AuthorMoonmaiden— You are quite welcome. Thank you for reading my Hub. I appreciate your comments.Moonmaiden 23 months ago from Lucerne Valley, CAThank you for helping me to learn more about a topic dear to my heart.James A Watkins 2 years ago from MichiganHub AuthorSlyMJ— I am glad you enjoyed this article. Thank you for the fine compliments. I will come by to check out some of your work soon. Welcome to the HubPages Community!SlyMJ 2 years agoFascinating - a great deal of that was completely new to me - excellent in-depth articleJames A Watkins 2 years ago from MichiganHub Authorsharewhatuknow— Thank you for the voted up and awesome. This Hub has drawn a lot of readers. I am grateful for that. It is good to "see" you here too.I haven't seen that program. I'll watch for it. I appreciate the visit and your kind compliments. :)sharewhatuknow 2 years ago from Western Washington" You label me I label you... " (Metallica)What a fascinating and very in-depth article you wrote James !! I had never really thought much about Gypsies and their way of life until I watched on TV the reality show " My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding." And these Gypsies are IRISH, living in Ireland or England, the UK. Blew me away !! I never would have thought any Gypsy of Irish heritage.I had to vote your hub UP and Awesome.James A Watkins 2 years ago from MichiganHub AuthorExoticHippieQueen— Welcome to the Hub Pages Community! I am not far from you. I was a hippie once myself. I have fond memories of Old Town Chicago . . . the beads and incense; the pop art posters.I surely appreciate your gracious laudations. I look forward to reading your Hubs. Thank you for reading mine! :DExoticHippieQueen 2 years ago from Chicago suburbsLevel 3 CommenterYou know I would have to read a hub about gypsies, since I always thought I was one growing up ever since my mother dressed me up as one at Halloween. What a comprehensive and intriguing hub, James. No one could have written a better one. Only wish I had, because I am interested in the gypsy thing. Poor gypsies had a rough time of it, and in turn gave it right back, didn't they?James A Watkins 2 years ago from MichiganHub AuthorDonna Suthard— You are welcome. I am glad you enjoyed "The Gypsies." Thank you for taking the time to read it and for your kind compliments. That is an incredible story you related to me. I appreciate that.See 251 more commentsSign in or sign up and post using a HubPages account.Post CommentNo HTML is allowed in comments, but URLs will be hyperlinked. Comments are not for promoting your Hubs or other sites.Copyright © 2013 HubPages Inc. and respective owners.Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners.HubPages® is a registered Service Mark of HubPages, Inc.
The Romani People (Roma, or Gypsies) are of northern Indian origin, having moved out of that area probably some time between AD 800 and AD 950, migrating westwards into Europe and arriving there some time after AD 1100." (Thus begins Ian Hancock on page 7 of his The Pariah Syndrome (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Karoma Publishers, 1987). This work is the source for all the background information in this paragraph.) Neither the reason for this emigration nor its patterns are clear, but the route of these emigrants through Persia, Armenia, Anatolia, and, eventually, Southeastern Europe is well established, mainly by linguistic evidence. To this day, the Romani language, with its dialects and variants, is recognizably a derivative of Sanskrit. By the 14th century the Romani had been detained in the Balkans, had been trained to be a worker class, and were beginning to be treated legally as slaves. It was in this period that they learned the trades which ever since have been associated with them, especially becoming metal workers, peddlers, animal trainers, and musicians. Gradually, however, many escaped and were living almost all over Western Europe. The Balkan Roma were finally freed from slavery in 1864, and many of them soon emigrated to the rest of Europe and to the Americas. In the Balkans the Roma lived, and still live, in villages, where they are fixed and are not nomads. Western European Roma tended, however, to be mobile, and they are the ones whose lifestyle is synonymous with "Gypsy" in Western culture. Whether as slaves or as traveling people, Roma have retained strong community ties, have been little understood by the members of the dominant cultures, and have everywhere been treated harshly by them.It is possible that some Roma were transported as slaves, or at least as indentured servants, to North America in colonial times, and it is clear that some made their way here before the emancipation of 1864, but the main immigration occurred after that. It is also clear that many of the so-called Gypsies who arrived here were not true Roma, because numerous other itinerant groups who arrived from Europe claimed to be Gypsies or were understood to be such. This applies particularly to those who came from Northern European countries, and above all to the Tinkers from the British Isles. (Brian A. Belton pursues the difficult problem of ethnic identification in his Questioning Gypsy Identity: ethnic narratives in Britain and America. (Walnut Creek, California: Alta Mira Press, 2005). Both Belton and Hancock are English Gypsies, Hancock being able to trace his lineage back to Hungary. They are among the Gypsy intellectuals who are bringing the realities of Gypsy and Romani life to the attention of Western scholars and policy makers.)Until some time after W.W. I, Gypsy Americans followed a nomadic life in the U.S. Gradually, stable populations grew up in New Mexico, California, Florida, Oregon, and Maine. Today most Gypsy Americans are settled in large cities throughout the country. (www.trivia-library.com 2005.)UNESCO estimated the 1981 Romani population of the United States to be about 200,000. (Ibid.)In California Romani populations are found now at least in the Sacramento, San Francisco Bay, and Los Angeles areas. (Lacking other information about this, I infer it from www.lachurch.net 2005, the website of God's Gypsy Christian Church in Los Angeles.) The Machvaia Rom group, originally from Romania, is strongly represented in the Bay area, and numerous studies have been made of the life and customs of these Machvaia people. (These are reported in the Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Series 5, Volume 2, Number 1, February, 1992, pages 19-59, "Health and Illness Among the Roma of California," by Anne Sutherland; Series 5, Volume 4, Number 2, August, 1994, pages 75-94, "Respect and Rank Among the Machvaia Roma," by Carol Miller; and Series 5, Volume 7, Number 1, February, 1997, pages 1-26, "Luck: How the Machvaia Make It and Keep It," by Carol Miller. RenamedRomani Studies in 2000, this scholarly journal is a prime source of information about the Roma. The websitewww.gypsyloresociety.org 2005 contains a sketch of American Gypsy Roma history as well as information about how to contact the society)Roma SpiritualityMost Roma have converted to the religions of their host countries, typically Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism), and Islam. (www.religioustolerance.org 2005.)As a matter of fact, there is a God's Gypsy Christian Church, founded in 1977 and headquartered in Los Angeles, which has congregations throughout the country. The statement of faith on its website clearly characterizes it as Pentecostal. The website does not have a complete list of the congregations, but of those mentioned, the closest to Santa Cruz is in Fremont. (www.lachurch.net 2005.)There remains nevertheless in Roma culture a residue of the ancient Indian folk earth religion. It varies in detail from one Roma group to another, but it has general lines. Thus,Roma believe in their powers, as exemplified by their use of curses, called amria, and healing rituals. They practice fortune telling only for the benefit of gadje, and as a source of livelihood, but not among themselves. The fortune teller is always a woman, called a drabardi. The concept of fortune telling contains several independent elements that are misleadingly grouped together. One element is foretelling the future, called drabaripe or drabarimos. Another element relates to healing powers, which the Roma do practice among themselves. The healing elements of fortune telling are called 'advising.' Both elements are based on a belief in the supernatural.Good luck charms, amulets, and talismans are common among Roma. They are carried to prevent misfortune or heal sickness. The female healer who prescribes these traditional cures or preventatives is called a drabarni or drabengi. Some Roma carry bread in their pockets as protection against bad luck, or bibaxt, and supernatural spirits or ghosts, called mulo. Horseshoes are considered good luck by some Roma just as they are by non-Roma.Since Roma feel that illness is an unnatural condition, called prikaza, there are many supernatural ways in which they believe disease can be prevented or cured. One method of lowering a fever has been to shake a young tree. In this way the fever is transferred from the sick person's body to the tree. Another method to bring down fever has been to drink powdered portions of certain animals, dissolved in spirits, to the accompaniment of a chant. Some beliefs include carrying a mole's foot as a cure for rheumatism, and carrying a hedgehog's foot to prevent a toothache. Any number of herbs, called drab, are used for the prevention or cure of various diseases. Herbalism may be practiced by both sexes. Some of these herbs, called sastarimaskodrabaro, actually have medicinal value in addition to their supernatural qualities. (www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/traditions.htm 2005 The parent website, www.geocities.com/Paris/5121 2005, which is the Patrin Web Journal, is a valuable collection of articles on various aspects of Roma history and life. Other Roma-sponsored websites can be found atwww.voiceofroma.org 2005.)Gypsies - Roma - in Santa CruzThe earliest reference I have to the presence of Gypsies in Santa Cruz is an 1876 newspaper report that a band of about 18 "English gypsies" on their way from Omaha to San Francisco in wagons stopped for several days and pitched their tents in the Blackburn orchard. Many of them were blue eyed and of fair complexion, and the group was not perceived as a threat to the peace. A number of the women read the fortunes of Santa Cruz ladies. (SC Sentinel, May 6, 1876.)In 1883 a band of about 30 English speaking Gypsies encamped on Myrtle Street and were engaged in horse trading and fortune telling. The reporter adds some (partly correct) information on the history of Gypsies in general and, once again, does not see these visitors as threats. (Santa Cruz Surf, June 20, 1883.) These fortune telling powers were touted by Theosophists, who held an 1896 fund raiser and in its announcement wrote, "among other attractions there is to be a wonderful Romany Seeress, who will tell you your past and foretell your future without making any mistake in either." (Santa Cruz Surf, Nov. 11, 1896.)In this same year of 1896, however, a Santa Cruz newspaper tells of a greatly different experience: Spanish and Portuguese speaking Gypsies who said they were Brazilian from Rio de Janeiro encamped "in the Gharkey addition, near Columbia street." Horse traders and beggars, they were raggedy and dirty, although they were "very strict in their observance of Sunday." (Santa Cruz Surf, May 26, 1896.) Brazilian Gypsies, evidently the same band, but reported to be 100 strong, and having the avowed goal of working in the 'beet fields near San Francisco,' (Pajaronian, Apr. 30, 1896.) had passed through Watsonville before arriving in Santa Cruz. (Pajaronian, May 28, 1896.) In September it was reported that they were about to pass through Watsonville again, on their "return trip." (Pajaronian, Sep. 10, 1896.)Occasional local newspaper articles from 1905 to 1924 tell of police efforts to keep Gypsies out of Santa Cruz and Watsonville. (In addition to references noted below, there were articles in the Sep. 30, 1905 Santa Cruz Sentinel, in the Jan 16, 1907 Santa Cruz Surf, in the June 14, 1912 Register Pajaronian, in the July 13, 1912 Santa Cruz Sentinel, in the Mar. 3, 1913 Santa Cruz Sentinel, in the Oct. 23, 1913 Santa Cruz Sentinel and Evening News, in the June 5, 1914 Santa Cruz Sentinel and Santa Cruz Surf of the same date, in the Nov. 30 and Dec. 1, 1914 Santa Cruz Surf, in the Sep. 2 and Sep. 3, 1915 Santa Cruz Evening News, in the Sep. 14, 1915 Pajaronian, and in the Apr. 27, 1919 Pajaronian (as reported 75 years later in the Apr. 27, 1994 Pajaronian). All the articles from 1905 to 1915 are in the collection of local historian Phil Reader; the rest are in my collection.) On many of their visits the traveling Gypsies are accused of criminal activity, especially of stealing and defrauding residents. This includes two scams that defrauded two people of about six hundred dollars each. (Santa Cruz News, Aug. 9, 1924 and Sep. 29, 1924.) None of these newspaper articles, however, reports criminal prosecution against them.The newspapers make little attempt to explain who Gypsies are and what their background is, or even by which route they arrived in the county. Some exceptions are 1) the itinerary of a 1922 band which traveled in a caravan of automobiles from Salinas, passed through Watsonville and then Santa Cruz, and was ejected from all these places by the local police; (Santa Cruz Evening News, Oct. 11 and Oct 25, 1924.) 2) the statement of a 1914 group of them in Santa Cruz who said they had come from Hungary; (Santa Cruz Surf, Mar. 20, 1914.) 3) the name "Trampacula," which the only English speaking Gypsy woman among those accused of being involved in a scam said was her name; (Santa Cruz News, Aug. 9, 1924.) 4) the account of a Sep. 4, 1915 Gypsy betrothal ceremony held in a camp near the Potrero end of the railroad tunnel in Santa Cruz. Both local newspapers describe the ceremony as colorful and musical. Both quote the Gypsies themselves as saying that they are "Greek Catholics," and that their language is Romany, although they come from several Eastern European countries. (Santa Cruz Morning Sentinel, Sep. 5, 1915 and Santa Cruz Surf, Sep. 6, 1915.)An elderly gentleman told me in 2006 that when his father was a boy, which would be early in the twentieth century, "Gypsy Alley" was the name given popularly to Brook Ave., which is across the creek from Pilkington Ave. close to the shore in the Seabright area, because the Gypsies regularly set up camp there.Indexes of local newspapers available to me in 2005 contain only three references to Gypsies after 1924. In the earliest of these, 1940, they are booked for fraud in Santa Cruz. (Santa Cruz Evening News, Jan. 26, 1940.) Then, in 1942 columnist Ernest Otto observes that"The Gypsies of the early days were very different from those which appear once in a while now. They were not so colorful as they did not wear the many gay skirts such as are worn by the present Gypsies. The old timer bands which came were of English bands. They had horses and they made most of their money in the horse trading and at this they were experts. The women called from house to house and told fortunes." (Santa Cruz Sentinel-News, Nov. 8, 1942 - all the peculiarities of grammar in this quote are in the original.)Finally, in 1948,Not predicted in the cards was the fire which burned the fortune telling Gypsies' tent to the ground in Capitola Wednesday, according to the sheriff's office. The Gypsies had apparently set up the tent preparatory to beginning the spring season on the rented lot of Frank Blake's at the corner of the Esplanade and Stockton streets. (Santa Cruz Sentinel-News, April 2, 1945.)
Sarah Barbieux, originally from Paris, writes of the pain of hiding her Gypsy identity as a child, and calls out to be taught the songs of her parents. Julia Lovell, born in Scotland, touches on sterilization and the extermination of the Gypsies under the Third Reich. Gina Csanyi-Robah, born in Toronto, gives a moving narrative about her dying Grandmother in Dza e Devalesa meri phuri Dai/Goodbye NagyMama. Yvonne Slee, born in Germany, calls for other Roma women to stand here by my side and strive to keep the Roma culture alive. The poems of Canadian Thais Barbieux dance across the page with their mythical dragons, princesses and knights. Bavaria-born Rasa Lee Sutar writes of dignity in the face of persecution. Lynn Hutchinson, living in Toronto, offers five poems for her father. The amazing images of his good eye clenched/glass eye staring/ tears pouring from both eyes/the living and the dead, and the description of the puppets he made, swallowing their truths with his last breath, are disturbing and memorable.Sometimes each poet soars to the level that Papusza reached so effortlessly. In her curse poem Phuv/Earth, Hedina Tahiroviae Sijereiae shows Romani poetry at its best, casting spells, redemptive, universal. Sarah Barbieux, in But Baxt Tuke/May you be lucky, says, Nashti davas tuke mai but/ferdi murro orimos, mo swinto orimos../I have been able to give you nothing more than my wish, my sacred wish... Gina Csanyi-Robah hears o Romano muzikako bashalipe/the Gypsy music forever playing... In Romane phenja/Roma sisters, Julia Lovell uses typical Gypsy nature images of sun and moon to great effect. Yvonne Slee in Cikni Tradicija/A little tradition, writes a beautiful poem about her Sinti gran teaching her about herbs and berries while sitting beneath an ancient old oak tree. Thais Barbieux in O Drom o kezhlano/The Silken Roaddescribes how her heart dances away from the prison of numbers on a road of silk. Rasa Lee Sutar in Bistardino/Forgotten, contrasts butterflies with the black train of the Nazis, and Lynn Hutchinson's inspiring poems blend lyrical folk tradition with realism.
Ronald Lee's autobiographical novel, formerly published as 'Goddam Gypsy', is an intense, fast moving, and brutally honest affair. Yanko - a Canadian Rom who 'took the non-Romani way but didn't go far' - seeks his fortunes both among and apart from the Roma, never quite finding his place.His story exposes the out of sight, out of mind world of Canada's Roma in 1970's Montréal: Parties, rackets, bar brawls, weddings, desperate poverty, and intermittent police raids fuel in Yanko the passion, creativity, and rebellious defiance that is The Living Fire.Review by Janna EliotRonald Lee, the hero of this autobiographical novel, seeks to express his Romani identity in the racist, sexist Canada of the 1960s. Better known as compiler of a Romani dictionary and author of a Romani language text book, the author exposes the underworld of scams, deals, and prostitution. Episodes feature the tension between Canadian Indians, French and English Canadians, and the divisions between Roma from America, Canada and Eastern Europe.After working in tinplating and making model ships, Ronald ends up as curator of the stuffed animal section of Expo 67 in Montreal. The corpses of the caribou displayed in glass display cabinets become a metaphor for a decaying Canada.The most ironic comments about Indian reservations and the cultural destruction of the old way of life belong to Ronald's Indian wife, Marie. To preserve his sanity and freedom, Ronald decides to take his family to seek a better life in England.Originally published as GODDAM GYPSY in 1970, E ZHIVINDI YAG is an interesting, informative read.
The Rromani Connection websiteRromani Books'Dukh - Pain' is Hedina Sijercic's collection of richly evocative poems, weaving together the author's fleeting joys and enduring tragedies with traditional Romani folklore. Hedina's poetry is enlightening in its candidness, which shatters the fanciful myth of the mysterious and ever-carefree Roma, replacing it with lyric images of a people living, loving, and dying, not immune to the caprice of the world that surrounds them. It is through such tragedies that the lingering message of these poems has become simply dukh, pain.Magoria Bookshttp://www.magoriabooks.com/books/dukh_pain/Hussein, a Roma boy, experiences the injustice of religious prejudice when his mosque is shut down and he is forced to give up his own name and take on the Christian name of Harry.Boyds Mills Presshttp://www.boydsmillspress.comRomani authors, Hristo Kyuchukov and Ian Hancock, explain the history of a persecuted people and why Gypsy is a scornful namehttp://www.boydsmillspress.comIn this book, written in the traditional Gypsy style of family biography, Yvonne Slee gives us a collection of stories about her ancestors who lived in Germany in the twentieth century. She begins with her great grandfather, called August, "torn away" from his Gypsy relations to be adopted into an uncaring family with a viscious stepfather. Running away at 15, August finds employment and friendship amongst Gypsies who teach him how to survive, and eventually marries a German woman and raises a family, including Elsa,Yvonne's grandmother. They adopt a disabled Gypsy boy called Freddy. As a half-Gypsy, with dark skin and long black hair, Elsa experiences racism at school, where her plait is cut off during a lesson by a spiteful classmate. She finds solace playing with friends in a nearby Gypsy encampment. Conditions in Germany during First World War force Elsa's mother to go to the woods to pick berries and nuts, while August hunts for animals. In the 1930's, Elsa notices ethnic families being taken from their homes to be "rehoused." Each time a truck appears in the street, her mother grabs Freddy and hides at the home of a friend, while August disappears till the danger passes. Eventually, Freddy is snatched away by the authorities and put in a home for the handicapped. The family eventually discover the dreadful truth - he has been sent to a concentration camp and gassed. Elsa marries an anti-Nazi called Willy, who is called up during the Second World War. After he is killed at the front, Elsa is left to bring up their young children alone. Almost arrested for being non-Aryan, she is rescued by an acquaintance, and lives out the rest of the war living on food she gathers from the forest. Surviving bombs, semi-starvation, and the destruction of her home, Elsa lives to the age of 80. Despite its sad theme, the book has many lively incidents. Elsa is almost gored by a bull, narrowly escapes drowning, and uncovers a butcher's pet-stealing scam. Yvonne Slee writes with compassion about a family surviving the Holocaust and war.Janna Eliot. London, UKFollowing 18 carefully structured lessons, this Romani language primer explores the vocabulary and grammar of the Kalderash Roma in Europe, the United States, Canada, and Latin America. Designed for beginner students, this course reference begins with the basic verbs and nouns and builds through to the subtler grammatical necessities of reading and speaking the language. Quotations from native speakers, poems, songs, proverbs, and folktales add to the cultural and historical understanding of the language.http://perseus.herts.ac.uk/uhinfo/university-of-hertfordshire-pressThis highly readable introduction to Roma life, written by a Rom, considers culture, language, politics, society, health, and food to provide an insightful portrait of this fascinating minority. In surveying the Gypsies, their origins and history and their exclusion from society, Ian Hancock offers candid advice on rejecting prejudices and stereotypes and getting to know the Roma as individuals. There is also a section of short biographies of Roma from many different walks of life.http://perseus.herts.ac.uk/uhinfo/university-of-hertfordshire-press On July 14, 1933, Hitler's cabinet passed the Lebensunwertesleben law, a law which called for the annihilation of certain people who led "lives not worthy of life." The law was aimed specifically against Gypsies, and Afro-Germans. The black Germans were primarily children born from sexual union between German women and French Senegalese troops used during the First World War to patrol the Ruhr Valley, as well as people from German ex-colonies in Africa.Although much is known about The Third Reich's genocide against the Jews, there is not as much literature about the five million Gypsies and black Germans who also lost their lives to further Adolf Hitler's racist aims. On December 8th, 1938, SS chief Heinrich Himmler called for the 'Final 'Solution of the Gypsy Question,' and on December 16th, 1942, began deporting all Gypsies remaining in German-held Europe to Auschwitz.The Nuremberg Law for the Protection of Blood and Honour was instituted on 15 September 1935, and the Gypsy Law (Reichzigeunergesetz) which was created to track the Romani (Gypsy) population, their sterilization, their movement and means of livelihood, and the expulsion of all foreign-born, stateless Gypsies." (State Secretary of the Interior Hans Pfundtner, March 4th, 1936.) Statements such as that made by in 1939 by Dr. Johannes Behrendt, Office of Racial Hygiene Policy Statement, ''All Gypsies should be treated as hereditarily sick; the only solution is elimination. The aim should, therefore, be the elimination without hesitation of this characteristically defective element in the population." Such historical facts are so odious and unbelievable that they seem too much for the mind to handle...and can only be encountered through the memoirs of survivors.Cora Schwartz's memoir Gypsy Tears: Loving a holocaust survivor is both autobiography and biography and a tribute to those forgotten Gypsies killed during the days of the Third Reich.It begins as a love story. When newly-divorced Cora from the Bronx first meets Rudy from Ukraine in the Catskills, the reader thinks he is a bit odd. But as quickly as he meets her he begins telling her about a Gypsy girl, Romania, and the Nazi camp where they were imprisoned.Like all Holocaust sufferers, Rudy is overwhelmed with grief, survivor's guilt and anger. He is also, like many wounded people, not an easy person to deal with. He drinks too much, has nightmares, and belittles her own pain. But Cora has a kind heart and falls in love with him. Their relationship is an unplanned journey that helps her to understand her own life and brings her to a new understanding of the wide-range of Hitler's plans to "purify Germany" and creates a new vocation in her life: bringing humanitarian aid to the last holocaust survivors in Ukraine. Her other book, a photographic book of Holocaust Survivors, and entitled, The Forgotten Few shows how Rudy's life affected and brought meaning to hers.This is a passionate love story, layered with history, which shows that the effect of Hitler's intense maniacal obsession, still exists. It also shows that Hitler's only logic was hatred. Many people think the Holocaust against the Jews was a symbol of Hitler's anti-Semitism. But the Gypsies were not primarily Jewish. In addition, Hitler maintained good relations with many Arabs, (who are Semites)and the Grand Mufti, who was the most influential leader of Palestine during the Second World War, was good friends with Hitler who had befriended followers of Islam in Eastern Europe. Although Hitler's book Mein Kampf is considered required reading in many Arab universities, the holocaust was waged against other groups also...not only Jews. In the story, Cora's realization of this truth matches our own realization: Many holocaust sufferers are forgotten and their stories untold.In 1979, Time Magazine reported, "Although West Germany paid nearly $715 million to Israel and various Jewish organizations, [as of 1979] Gypsies as a group have received nothing." In 1984, Simon Weisenthal stated, "The Gypsies had been murdered in a proportion similar to the Jews: about 80% of them in the area of the countries which were occupied by
Investigators have smashed a massive international crime ring centred around a Gypsy cell that recruited people to come to Ontario from Romania, according to Durham Regional Police.Police arrested 34 people and laid 263 charges in the largest investigation of its kind in Durham Region.“This has ballooned from one family. The ring would recruit to Canada and they would claim refugee status,” said Det.-Sgt. Cathy Bawden.In the fall of 2011, two officers in Oshawa noticed criminals were committing distraction-style thefts and frauds.Thieves would target jewelry stores, convenience outlets and even senior citizens, said police.As one person distracted victims, while their cohorts would steal valuables and leave the scene. Men, women and their children took part, tucking stolen items inside long skirts which had inside panel compartments.The Gypsy cell enlisted people from Romania for the crime ring and investigators have identified more than 400 people who were associated with the criminal organization.“They are brought over for a better life but there is a price to pay on arrival,” added Bawden.Once in Canada, the newcomers would apply for social assistance, mostly in Toronto.Investigators are working with different levels of government to identify any fraudulent use of social services.With the aid of identities provided by police, however, Toronto social services officials have calculated the individuals have received more than $2 million from various programs since January 2012.Investigators have seized $85,000 in cash and stolen merchandise and identified more than $1 million in suspicious wire transactions to foreign locations.The investigation focused on a family living in Pickering and an associate in Toronto.Police don’t know how many people were victimized by the crime ring.Durham investigators were assisted by the Canadian Border Services Agency, the RCMP, Toronto Police, OPP, FBI, Homeland Security, U.S. Customs and Interpol and other police agencies.Those arrested include Dinarca Caldaras, 38, formerly of Denby Dr., Pickering, who is charged with instructing commission of an offence for a criminal organization, credit card theft, fraud, and other offences.Province-wide arrest warrants have been issued for her husband, Ovidiu Caldaras, 42, and her son, Robert, 20. Investigators believe both have fled to Germany.They’re wanted on charges of participating in a criminal organization and other offences.Claudiu Unguru, 37, of Toronto, is charged with participating in a criminal organization, identity theft, fraud and other crimes.Project Mansfield Charge List
Investigators have smashed a massive international crime ring centred around a Gypsy cell that recruited people to come to Ontario from Romania, according to Durham Regional Police.Police arrested 34 people and laid 263 charges in the largest investigation of its kind in Durham Region.“This has ballooned from one family. The ring would recruit to Canada and they would claim refugee status,” said Det.-Sgt. Cathy Bawden.In the fall of 2011, two officers in Oshawa noticed criminals were committing distraction-style thefts and frauds.Thieves would target jewelry stores, convenience outlets and even senior citizens, said police.As one person distracted victims, while their cohorts would steal valuables and leave the scene. Men, women and their children took part, tucking stolen items inside long skirts which had inside panel compartments.The Gypsy cell enlisted people from Romania for the crime ring and investigators have identified more than 400 people who were associated with the criminal organization.“They are brought over for a better life but there is a price to pay on arrival,” added Bawden.Once in Canada, the newcomers would apply for social assistance, mostly in Toronto.Investigators are working with different levels of government to identify any fraudulent use of social services.With the aid of identities provided by police, however, Toronto social services officials have calculated the individuals have received more than $2 million from various programs since January 2012.Investigators have seized $85,000 in cash and stolen merchandise and identified more than $1 million in suspicious wire transactions to foreign locations.The investigation focused on a family living in Pickering and an associate in Toronto.Police don’t know how many people were victimized by the crime ring.Durham investigators were assisted by the Canadian Border Services Agency, the RCMP, Toronto Police, OPP, FBI, Homeland Security, U.S. Customs and Interpol and other police agencies.Those arrested include Dinarca Caldaras, 38, formerly of Denby Dr., Pickering, who is charged with instructing commission of an offence for a criminal organization, credit card theft, fraud, and other offences.Province-wide arrest warrants have been issued for her husband, Ovidiu Caldaras, 42, and her son, Robert, 20. Investigators believe both have fled to Germany.They’re wanted on charges of participating in a criminal organization and other offences.Claudiu Unguru, 37, of Toronto, is charged with participating in a criminal organization, identity theft, fraud and other crimes.Project Mansfield Charge List
http://www.gypsypsychicscams.com/category/victim-stories/
Tarot cards- psychic readings are scams of gypsy-Romas
Last Saturday's addition of ten new countries to the European Union has elicited much concern among Western Europeans about increased immigration from Eastern Europe. However, it's been hard for us naïve American readers to decode exactly which potential immigrants the Westerners fear most. The politically correct prestige press is of little help, so you have to turn to blunt-spoken tabloids like Britain's Sun, which recently headlined: "Grateful Gypsies set to flee their homes."There are now as many as 12 million Gypsies in the world (their birthrate is far higher than that of other Europeans). A large proportion have until now been bottled up in Eastern Europe. They are in many ways the European Union's worst nightmare, even though the great and the good of the EU lack a socially acceptable vocabulary for even discussing in public their concerns about Gypsies (more fashionably known as Roma or Romani).Last year, The Guardian (UK) wrote (Jan. 8, 2003) about the Gypsies under the title "Shame of a Continent," the shame being that other Europeans try to stay as far away from Gypsies as possible. The Europe Union has been telling the new members that they must start being nice to the Gypsies. In the only insightful comment in the article, Gary Younge explained: "It is not so much a love of the Roma as a fear of them that has prompted the EU to advocate their rights. In 18 months' time, when the 10 candidate countries finally join, the right to free movement throughout the other 15 wealthier nations will be extended to all their citizens. That includes the Roma. Britain and others will no longer be able to deport them. So they want to do everything they can to improve their lot now, in the nations where they live, in the hope that a better-educated, housed, employed and less harassed Roma population would be less likely to leave."Here are some Amazing Gypsy Facts, courtesy of the Guardian:"In the Czech Republic, 75% of Roma children are educated in schools for people with learning difficulties, and 70% are unemployed (compared with a national rate of 9%). In Hungary, 44% of Roma children are in special schools, while 74% of men and 83% of women are unemployed. In Slovakia, Roma children are 28 times as likely to be sent to a special school than non-Roma; Roma unemployment stands at 80%." The Guardian, of course, blames this solely on discrimination. To even suggest that the Gypsies have a preference for, say, leisure over labor, or that they suffer a lot from dyslexia would be racist and thus unthinkable. (By the way, their apparent tendency toward dyslexia is balanced by their musical skill. The late classical pianist Balint Vazsonyi told me that in the top Budapest conservatory where he studied, there were numerous Gypsies who never learned to read music, but somehow made their way through this rigorous course of training on sheer musical ability.)The Gypsies have been horrifically persecuted down through the seven centuries they've been in Europe. Otherwise civilized European countries are said to have subjected them to lethal "Gypsy hunts" all the way up into the 19th Century. Hitler massacred hundreds of thousands. The Communists tried to strip away their culture (but failed), and the newly democratic countries of Eastern Europe have tried to wall them off. For example, one of the first acts of our allies in the Kosovo Liberation Front in 1999 after we bombed Serbia into submission for them was to ethnically cleanse theGypsies from Kosovo.So, it can seem churlish to mention any reasons why their tormentors acted so dreadfully. In polite society, you are supposed to assume that this appalling history was simply caused by a 700-year long mass hallucination. But, you can't understand modern Europe without understanding the Gypsies, who make up a rapidly growing part of it.Gypsies, who are evidently of South Asian origin, are often compared to Jews because of their victim status. Yet, in many ways, they are the anti-Jews. The part-Jewish, part-Gypsy American author Isabella Fonseca reported:"The Gypsies have no heroes. There are no myths of origin, of a great liberation, of the founding of a 'nation,' of a promised land. . . . They have no monuments, no anthem, no ruins, and no Book. Instead of a sense of a great historical past, they have a collective unease, and an instinctive cleaving to the tribe."Growing up in Southern California, far from the centers of Gypsy life, I knew only endearing, exciting images of Gypsies derived from Romantic masterpieces like Bizet's Carmen and Hugo's Hunchback of Notre Dame. My disillusionment began when backpacking around Europe in 1980. Wherever American and Australian college students came together, the conversation soon turned to how to avoid being victimized by Gypsy thieves, especially their small children.As an American, I knew that the teenage males of some ethnic groups had a higher proclivity to steal, but I had never before heard of a group where many parents trained their toddlers to steal. Even more horribly, some parents break their children's teeth or bones as part of an insurance scam or to make them into better beggars.We're not supposed to think about the victims of Gypsy criminals because, after all, crime victims are not real victims (i.e., they are just random human beings, not an organized political pressure group).In their defense, gypsy criminals are less violent than most criminals, preferring swindles to brute force. Still, the National Geographic reporter Peter Godwin, sent to write a major story about the persecution of the Roma (April 2001), was, in a scene reminiscent of anti-American correspondent Robert Fisk's famous encounter with a Muslim mob, beaten up and mugged by a gang of gypsies he was trying to help.Further, Gypsies don't seem to kidnap children anymore. (Their most famous victim was the unworldly economist Adam Smith:"At the age of 4 he was kidnapped by a band of Gypsies, though prompt action by his uncle soon effected his rescue. 'He would have made, I fear, a poor Gypsy,' commented John Rae, his main biographer.")In reality, the Gypsy culture trains its children from a very early age to be economic parasites. The Gypsies possess a classic "in-group morality."While extremely loyal to their clan, their culture inculcates in them an almost sociopathic disregard for the rights of outsiders.The Rev. Larry Merino, who evangelizes among American Gypsies in Indiana, notes:"Gypsies believe a myth that says a lot about the conception most people have of this group. It seems that a Gypsy stole a fourth nail at the crucifixion site that was destined to be used to nail the Savior's head to the cross. Since this act of larceny turned out to be an inadvertent act of mercy, God gave Gypsies the right to take things that didn't belong to them. Many Gypsies believe this is actually true! This being the case, it takes a missionary to this group a long time to undo what has been part of their culture for centuries."That's why there's never been a Zionist or separatist movement among Gypsies. Jews could successfully start their own national homeland, away from their persecutors, but the Gypsies can't imagine living in their own country with no productive non-Gypsies to leech off.The Communists made this traditionally nomadic people more sedentary, so an immediate deluge of Gypsies moving west may not be likely. Nevertheless, it's hard to imagine that all the Gypsies will stay in drab, hostile Eastern Europe when there are so many more cash-heavy and unsuspectingpockets to pick in the fat lands of the West.
Authorities have acknowledged a huge increase in a scam carried out by Romanian gypsies in Paris, this one based on requests for money for so-called deaf/mute girls.The scam is straightforward. A young girl approaches the mark (usually a tourist) with a piece of paper and a pen, pretending to be deaf. The paper names a couple of charities, both real and fake, and bears the signatures of a few previous marks. The current mark is asked for money, and if he's naïve enough, he gives it. In some cases, the paper and request for money serve as a distraction for stealing a wallet or purse.None of the girls is actually deaf. They are all Romanian gypsies. They are under 18, making it difficult to prosecute them. Their leader is nowhere to be found, so he cannot be arrested and prosecuted, even though the penalties for compelling children to beg are very severe (one sentence a few years ago was a 30-year prison term)
.In the early 13th century Byzantine records, the Atsínganoi are mentioned as "wizards... who are inspired satanically and pretend to predict the unknown."[1] By the 16th century, many Romanies in Eastern and Central Europe worked as musicians, metal craftsmen, and soldiers.[2] As theOttoman Turks expanded into the territory of modern Bulgaria, they relegated Romanies, seen as having "no visible permanent professional affiliation", to the lowest rung of the social ladder.[3]In Royal Hungary in the 16th century at the time of the Turkish occupation strong anti-Romani policies emerged since they were increasingly seen as Turkish spies or as a fifth column. In this atmosphere, they were expelled from many locations and increasingly adopted a nomadic way of life.[4]The first anti-Romani legislation was issued in March of Moravia in 1538, and three years later,Ferdinand I ordered that Romanies in his realm be expelled after a series of fires in Prague. Seven years later, the Diet of Augsburg declared that "whosoever kills a Gypsy, will be guilty of no murder."[5] In 1556, the government stepped in to "forbid the drowning of Romani women and children."[6]In England, the Egyptians Act 1530 banned Romanies from entering the country and required those living in the country to leave within 16 days. Failure to do so could result in confiscation of property, imprisonment and deportation. The act was amended with the Egyptians Act 1554, which directed that they abandon their "naughty, idle and ungodly life and company" and adopt a settled lifestyle. However, for those who failed to adhere to a sedentary existence the Privy council interpreted the act to permit execution of non-complying Romanies 'as a warning to others'.[7]
18th century
In 1710, Joseph I issued an edict against the Romani, ordering "that all adult males were to be hanged without trial, whereas women and young males were to be flogged and banished forever." In addition, they were to have their right ears cut off in the kingdom of Bohemia, in the March of Moravia, the left ear. In other parts of Austria they would be branded on the back with a branding iron, representing the gallows. These mutilations enabled authorities to identify them as Romani on their second arrest. The edict encouraged local officials to hunt down Romani in their areas by levying a fine of 100 Reichsthaler for those failing to do so. Anyone who helped Romani was to be punished by doing a half-year's forced labor. The result was "mass killings" of Romani. In 1721,Charles VI amended the decree to include the execution of adult female Romani, while children were "to be put in hospitals for education."[8]In 1774, Maria Theresa of Austria issued an edict forbidding marriages between Romani. When a Romani woman married a non-Romani, she had to produce proof of "industrious household service and familiarity with Catholic tenets", a male Rom "had to prove ability to support a wife and children", and "Gypsy children over the age of five were to be taken away and brought up in non-Romani families."[9]A panel was established in 2007 by the Romanian government to study the 18th and 19th century use of Romani as slaves for Princes, local landowners, and monasteries. Slavery of Romani was outlawed in Romania around 1856.[10]
19th century
Petty theft was a regular justification for persecution of Romanies. In 1899, theNachrichtendienst in Bezug auf die Zigeuner ("Intelligence Service Regarding the Gypsies") was set up in Munich under the direction of Alfred Dillmann, cataloguing data on all Romani individuals throughout the German lands. It did not officially close down until 1970. The results were published in 1905 in Dillmann’s Zigeuner-Buch,[11] that was used in the following years as justification for the Porajmos. It described the Romani people as a "plague" and a "menace", but almost exclusively presented as Gypsy crime trespassing and the theft of food.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiziganism
Hunchback of Notre Dame is based on Gypsy-Romas;
A strong Romaniote community was present in Corfu until the late 19th century, when a pogrominstigated by blood libel forced most of the Jewish community to leave the island.
The vast majority of Romaniotes live in Israel and the United States (mainly New York). These communities, though they identify as Romaniotes, now use the Sephardic rite: the distinctive Romaniote rite does not survive except in the form of certain hymns used by communities such as Corfu.
Ioannina
In Ioannina, the remaining Romaniote community has withered to a number of 50 mostly elderly people. The Kehila Kedosha Yashan Synagogue remains locked, only opened for visitors on request. Immigrant Romaniotes return every summer and open the old synagogue. The last time a Bar Mitzvah (the Jewish ritual for celebrating the coming of age of a child) was held in the synagogue was in 2000, and was an exceptional event for the community.[7]The synagogue is located in the old fortified part of the city known as "Kastro", at 16 Ioustinianou street. Its name means "the Old Synagogue". It was constructed in 1829, most probably over the ruins of an older synagogue. Its architecture is typical of the Ottoman era, a large building made of stone. The interior of the synagogue is laid out in the Romaniote way: the Bimah (where theTorah scrolls are read out during service) is on a raised dais on the western wall, the Aron haKodesh (where the Torah scrolls are kept) is on the eastern wall and at the middle there is a wide interior aisle. The names of the Ioanniote Jews who were killed in the Holocaust are engraved in stone on the walls of the synagogue.
Athens
The Ioanniotiki Synagogue, situated above the Jewish Community of Athens offices at #8 Melidoni St., is the only Romaniote synagogue in Athens. Built in 1906, it has services only during the High Holy Days, but is opened for visitors on request through the Jewish Community office.The Jewish identity of a building found in the excavations of the ancient Agora in Athens, is questionable. It is believed that the Metroon, found in 1930 at the foot of the hill Hephaestion(Thesion) was used as a synagogue during its construction at the end of the 4th century CE (396-400). This view was expressed by the archaeologist H. Thompson, from the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, but was not developed into a complete theory. The Jewish identity of the Metroon was based on the small piece of marble found near the Metroon, that had two Jewish symbols carved on one side, and the resemblance of the building to the synagogue of Sardis in Asia Minor.
Jews started coming to Japan in the1860s, when Japan was opened to trade. There quickly became a small population of Jewish businessmen in Kobe, along with the other port cities ofYokohama and Nagasaki. By the early 1900s (decade), there existed a Zionist organization and well established Jewish community in Kobe, and the city received its first synagogue in 1912. So, when trade with Russia declined in Nagasaki prior to the Russo-Japanese War and the greatKanto earthquake struck Yokohama in 1923, the majority of the Jewish population in Japan ended up in Kobe. As a trickle of Jewish immigrants continued, by the start of World War II Kobe had a well-off Jewish community of about 1000 people and 50 families.[1] As one scholar puts it, "Kobe was the center of what little Jewish life existed in Japan at that time. The community, which numbered several dozen families, was composed primarily of Sephardim originally from Iraq and Iran, and Ashkenazim who had originally lived in Russia."[2] This Jewish community of Kobe, which came to be known as JEWCOM, its cable address, was treated without prejudice by the Japanese government. A Japanese official stated in 1922, "The number of Jews in Japan is comparatively small. We treat them the same as we treat all foreigners. We do not distinguish between them."[3] Such an attitude towards Jews was rare in the world at that time, and would prove to be lifesaving for the community in Kobe. As the world became more anti-Semitic and the Nazis began their plans to annihilate the Jews in Europe, Kobe would serve as a safe haven for thousands of refugees fleeing the Holocaust.
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Israelites Came to Ancient Japan
Many of the traditional ceremonies in Japan and their DNAindicate that the Lost Tribes of Israel came to ancient Japan
Arimasa Kubo
Ark of the covenant of Israel (left) and "Omikoshi" ark of Japan (right)
Dear friends in the world,I am a Japanese Christian writer living in Japan. As I study the Bible, I began to realize that many traditional customs and ceremonies in Japanare very similar to the ones of ancient Israel. I considered that perhaps these rituals came from the religion and customs of the Jews and the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel who might have come to ancient Japan.The following sections are concerned with those Japanese traditions whichpossibly originated from the ancient Israelites.The reason why I exhibit these on the internet is to enable anyone interested in this subject, especially Jewish friends to become more interested, research it for yourself, and share your findings.The ancient kingdom of Israel, which consisted of 12 tribes, was in 933 B.C.E. divided into the southernkingdom of Judahand the northern kingdom of Israel. The 10 tribes out of 12 belonged to the northern kingdom and the rest to the southern kingdom. The descendants from the southern kingdom are called Jews. The people of the northern kingdomwere exiled to Assyria in 722 B.C.E. and did not come back to Israel. They are called "the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel." They were scattered to the four corners of the earth. We find the descendants of the Israelites not only in the western world, but also in the eastern world especially along the Silk Road. The following peoples are thought by Jewish scholars to be the descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.YusufzaiThey live in Afghanistan. Yusufzai means children of Joseph. They have customs of ancient Israelites.PathansThey live in Afghanistan and Pakistan. They have the customs of circumcision on the 8th day, fringes of robe, Sabbath, Kashrut, Tefilin, etc.Kashmiri peopleIn Kashmir they have the same land names as were in the ancient northern kingdom of Israel. They have the feast of Passover and the legend that they came from Israel.KnanitesIn India there are people called Knanites, which means people of Canaan. They speak Aramaic and use the Aramaic Bible.Shinlung tribe (Bnei Menashe)In Myanmar (Burma) and India live Shinlung tribe, also called Menashe tribe.Menashe is Manasseh, and the Menashe tribe is said to be the descendants from the tribe of Manasseh, one of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. They have ancient Israeli customs.Chiang (Qiang or Chiang-Min) tribeThey live in China and have ancient Israeli customs. They believe in one God and have oral tradition that they came from far west. They say that their ancestor had 12 sons. They have customs of Passover, purification, levirate marriage, etc. as ancient Israelites.Kaifeng, ChinaIt is known that there had been a large Jewish community since the time ofB.C.E..JapanI am going to discuss this on this website.
The "Suwa-Taisha" shrine
A Japanese Festival Illustrates the Story of Isaac. In Nagano prefecture, Japan, there is a large Shinto shrine named "Suwa-Taisha" (Shinto is the national traditional religion peculiar to Japan.)At Suwa-Taisha, the traditional festival called "Ontohsai" is held on April 15 every year (When the Japanese used the lunar calendar it was March-April). This festival illustrates the story of Isaac in chapter 22 of Genesis in the Bible - when Abraham was about to sacrifice his own son, Isaac. The "Ontohsai" festival, held since ancient days, is judged to be the most important festival of "Suwa-Taisha."
At the back of the shrine "Suwa-Taisha," there is a mountain called Mt. Moriya("Moriya-san" in Japanese). The people from the Suwa area call the god of Mt. Moriya"Moriya no kami," which means, the "god of Moriya." This shrine is built to worship the "god of Moriya."At the festival, a boy is tied up by a rope to a wooden pillar, and placed on a bamboo carpet. A Shinto priest comes to him preparing a knife, and he cuts a part of the top of the wooden pillar, but then a messenger (another priest) comes there, and the boy is released. This is reminiscent of the Biblical story in which Isaac was releasedafter an angel came to Abraham.At this festival, animal sacrifices are also offered. 75 deer are sacrificed, but amongthem it is believed that there is a deer with its ear split. The deer is considered to be the one God prepared. It could have had some connection with the ram that God prepared and was sacrificed after Isaac was released. Since the ram was caught in the thicket by the horns, the ear might have been split.
The knife and sword used in the "Ontohsai" festivalIn ancient time of Japan there were no sheep and it might be the reason why they used deer (deer is Kosher). Even in historic times, people thought that this custom of deer sacrifice was strange, because animal sacrifice is not a Shinto tradition.A deer with its ears splitPeople call this festival "the festival for Misakuchi-god". "Misakuchi" might be "mi-isaku-chi." "Mi" means "great," "isaku" is most likely Isaac (the Hebrew word "Yitzhak"), and "chi" is something for the end of the word. It seems that the people of Suwa made Isaac a god, probably by the influence of idol worshipers.Today, this custom of the boy about to be sacrificed and then released, is no longer practiced, but we can still see the custom of the wooden pillar called "oniye-bashira," which means, "sacrifice-pillar."The "oniye-bashira" on which the boy is supposed to be tied upCurrently, people use stuffed animals instead of performing a real animal sacrifice. Tying a boy along with animal sacrifice was regarded as savage by people of the Meiji-era (about 100 years ago), and those customs were discontinued. However, the festival itself still remains.The custom of the boy had been maintained until the beginning of Meiji era. Masumi Sugae, who was a Japanese scholar and a travel writer in the Edoera(about 200 years ago), wrote a record of his travels and noted what he saw atSuwa. The record shows the details of "Ontohsai." It tells that the custom of the boy about to be sacrificed and his ultimate release, as well as animal sacrifices that existed those days. His records are kept at the museum near Suwa-Taisha.The festival of "Ontohsai" has been maintained by the Moriya family ever since ancient times. The Moriya family thinks of "Moriya-no-kami" (god of Moriya) as their ancestor's god. They also consider "Mt. Moriya" as their holy place. The name, "Moriya," could have come from "Moriah" (the Hebrew word "Moriyyah") of Genesis 22:2, that is today's Temple Mount of Jerusalem. Among Jews, God ofMoriah means the one true God whom the Bible teaches.The Moriya family has been hosting the festival for 78 generations. And the curator of the museum said to me that the faith in the god of Moriya had existed among the people since the time of B.C.E..Apparently, no other country but Japanhas a festival illustrating the biblical story of Abraham and Isaac. This tradition appears to provide strong evidence that the ancient Israelites came to ancient Japan.
The Crest of the Imperial House of JapanIs the Same As That Found On the Gate of Jerusalem.The crest of the Imperial House of Japan is a round mark in the shape of a flower with 16 petals. The current shape appears as a chrysanthemum (mum), but scholars say that in ancient times, it appeared similar to a sunflower. The sunflower appearance is the same as the mark at Herod's gate in Jerusalem. The crest at Herod's gate also has 16 petals. This crest of the Imperial House of Japan has existed since very ancient times. The same mark as the one at Herod's gate is found on the relics of Jerusalemfrom the times of the Second Temple, and also on Assyrian relics from the times of B.C.E..
The mark on Herod's gate at Jerusalem (left) and the crest of the Imperial House of Japan (right)Japanese Religious Priests "Yamabushi" Put A Black Box on their Foreheads Just As Jews Put A Phylactery on their Foreheads."Yamabushi" is a religious man in training unique to Japan. Today, they are thought to belong to Japanese Buddhism. However, Buddhism in China, Koreaand India has no such custom. The custom of "yamabushi" existed in Japanbefore Buddhism was imported into Japan in the seventh century.On the forehead of "Yamabushi," he puts a black small box called a "tokin", which is tied to his head with a black cord. He greatly resembles a Jew putting on a phylactery (black box) on his forehead with a black cord. The size of this black box "tokin" is almost the same as the Jewish phylactery, but its shape is round and flower-like.
A "yamabushi" with a "tokin" blowing a hornOriginally the Jewish phylactery placed on the forehead seems to have come from the forehead "plate" put on the high priest Aaron with a cord (Exodus 28:36-38). It was about 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) in size according to folklore, and some scholars maintain that it was flower-shaped. If so, it was very similar to the shape of the Japanese "tokin" worn by the "yamabushi".A Jew with a phylactery blowing a shofar
Israel and Japan are the only two countries that in the world I know of that use of the black forehead box for religious purpose.Furthermore, the "yamabushi" use a big seashell as a horn. This is very similar to Jews blowing a shofar or ram's horn. The way it is blown and the sounds of the "yamabushi's" horn are very similar to those of a shofar. Because there are no sheep in Japan, the "yamabushi" had to use seashell horns instead of rams' horns."Yamabushis" are people who regard mountains as their holy places for religious training. The Israelites also regarded mountains as their holy places. The Ten Commandments of the Torah were given on Mt. Sinai. Jerusalem is a city on a mountain. Jesus (Yeshua) used to climb up the mountain to pray. His apparent transfiguration also occurred on a mountain.In Japan, there is the legend of "Tengu" who lives on a mountain and has the figure of a "yamabushi". He has a pronounced nose and supernatural capabilities. A "ninja", who was an agent or spy in the old days, while working for his lord, goes to "Tengu" at the mountain to get from him supernatural abilities. "Tengu" gives him a "tora-no-maki" (a scroll of the "tora") after giving him additional powers. This "scroll of the tora" is regarded as a very importantbook which is helpful for any crisis. Japanese use this word sometimes in their current lives.There is no knowledge that a real scroll of a Jewish Torah was ever found in a Japanese historical site. However, it appears this "scroll of the tora" is a derivation of the Jewish Torah.Japanese "Omikoshi" Resembles the Ark of the Covenant.In the Bible, in First Chronicles, chapter 15, it is written that David brought up the ark of the covenant of the Lord into Jerusalem."David and the elders of Israel and the commanders of units of a thousand went to bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD from the house of Obed-Edom, with rejoicing. ...Now David was clothed in a robe of fine linen, as were all the Levites who were carrying the ark, and as were the singers, and Kenaniah, who was in charge of the singing of the choirs. David also wore a linen ephod. So allIsraelbrought up the ark of the covenant of the LORD with shouts, with the sounding of rams' horns and trumpets, and of cymbals, and the playing of lyres and harps." (15:25-28)
Illustration of Israeli people carrying the Ark of the CovenantWhen I read these passages, I think; "How well does this look like the scene of Japanese people carrying our 'omikoshi' during festivals? The shape of the Japanese 'Omikoshi' appears similar to the ark of the covenant. Japanese sing and dance in front of it with shouts, and to the sounds of musical instruments. These are quite similar to the customs of ancient Israel."Japanese "Omikoshi" arkJapanese carry the "omikoshi" on their shoulders with poles - usually two poles. So did the ancient Israelites:"The Levites carried the ark of God with poles on their shoulders, as Moses had commanded in accordance with the word of the LORD." (1 Chronicles 15:15)The Israeli ark of the covenant had two poles (Exodus 25:10-15).Some restored models of the ark as it was imagined to be have used two poles on the upper parts of the ark. But the Bible says those poles were to be fastened to the ark by the four rings "on its four feet" (Exodus 25:12). Hence, the poles must have been attached on the bottom of the ark. This is similar to the Japanese "omikoshi."The Israeli ark had two statues of gold cherubim on its top. Cherubim are a type of angel, heavenly being having wings like birds. Japanese "omikoshi" also have on its top the gold bird called "Ho-oh" which is an imaginary bird and a mysterious heavenly being.The entire Israeli ark was overlaid with gold. Japanese "omikoshi" are also overlaid partly and sometimes entirely with gold. The size of an "omikoshi" is almost the same as the Israeli ark. Japanese "omikoshi" could be a remnant of the ark of ancient Israel.Many Things Concerning the Ark Resemble Japanese Customs.King David and people of Israelsang and danced to the sounds of musical instruments in front of the ark. We Japanese sing and dance to the sounds of musical instruments in front of "omikoshi" as well. Several years ago, I saw an American-made movie titled "King David" which was a faithful story of the life of King David. In the movie, David was seen dancing in front of the ark while it was being carried into Jerusalem. I thought: "If the scenery of Jerusalemwere replaced by Japanese scenery, this scene would be just the same as what can be observed in Japanese festivals." The atmosphere of the music also resembles the Japanese style. David's dancing appears similar to Japanese traditional dancing.At the Shinto shrine festival of "Gion-jinja" in Kyoto, men carry "omikoshi," then enter a river, and cross it. I can't help but think this originates from the memory of the Ancient Israelites carrying the ark as they crossed the Jordan river after their exodus from Egypt.In a Japanese island of the Inland Sea of Seto, the men selected as the carriers of the "omikoshi" stay together at a house for one week before they would carry the "omikoshi." This is to prevent profaning themselves. Furthermore on the day before they carry "omikoshi," the men bathe in seawater to sanctify themselves. This is similar to an ancient Israelite custom:"So the priests and the Levites sanctified themselves to bring up the ark of the Lord God of Israel." (1 Chronicles 15:14)The Bible says that after the ark entered Jerusalem and the march was finished, "David distributed to everyone of Israel, both man and woman, to everyone a loaf of bread, a piece of meat, and a cake of raisins" (1 Chronicles 16:3). This is similar to a Japanese custom. Sweets are distributed to everyone after a Japanese festival. It was a delight during my childhood.
The Robe of Japanese Priests Resembles the Robe of Israeli Priests.The Bible says that when David brought up the ark into Jerusalem, "David was clothed in a robe of fine linen" (1 Chronicles 15:27). The same was true for the priests and choirs. In the Japanese Bible, this verse is translated into "robe of white linen."In ancient Israel, although the high priest wore a colorful robe, ordinary priests wore simple white linen. Priests wore white clothes at holy events. Japanese priests also wear white robes at holy events.In Ise-jingu, one of the oldest Japanese shrines, all of the priests wear white robes. And in many Japanese Shinto shrines, especially traditional ones, the people wear white robes when they carry the "omikoshi" just like the Israelites did.Buddhist priests wear luxurious colorful robes. However, in the Japanese Shinto religion, white is regarded as the holiest color.The Emperor of Japan, just after he finishes the ceremony of his accession to the throne, appears alone in front of the Shinto god. When he arrives there, he wears a pure white robe covering his entire body except that his feet are naked. This is similar to the action of Moses and Joshua who removed their sandals in front of God to be in bare feet (Exodus 3:5, Joshua 5:15).Marvin Tokayer, a rabbi who lived in Japan for 10 years, wrote in his book:"The linen robes which Japanese Shinto priests wear have the same figure as the white linen robes of the ancient priests of Israel. "
Japanese Shinto priest in white robe with fringesThe Japanese Shinto priest robe has cords of 20-30 centimeters long (about 10 inches) hung from the corners of the robe. These fringes are similar to those of the ancient Israelites. Deuteronomy 22:12 says:"make them fringes in the... corners of their garments throughout their generations."Fringes (tassels) were a token that a person was an Israelite. In the gospels of the New Testament, it is also written that the Pharisees "make their tassels on their garments long" (Matthew 23:5). A woman who had been suffering from a hemorrhage came to Jesus (Yeshua) and touched the "tassel on His coat" (Matthew 9:20, The New Testament: A Translation in the Language of the People, translated by Charles B. Williams).Imagined pictures of ancient Israeli clothing sometimes do not have fringes. Buttheir robes actually had fringes. The Jewish Tallit (prayer shawl), which the Jews put on when they pray, has fringes in the corners according to tradition.Japanese Shinto priests wear on their robe a rectangle of cloth from their shoulders to thighs. This is the same as the ephod worn by David:"David also wore a linen ephod." (1 Chronicles 15:27)Although the ephod of the high priest was colorful with jewels, the ordinary priests under him wore the ephods of simple white linen cloth (1 Samuel 22:18). Rabbi Tokayer states that the rectangle of cloth on the robe of Japanese Shinto priest looks very similar to the ephod of the Kohen, the Jewish priest.The Japanese Shinto priest puts a cap on his head just like Israeli priest did (Exodus 29:40). The Japanese priest also puts a sash on his waist. So did the Israeli priest. The clothing of Japanese Shinto priests appears to be similar to the clothing used by ancient Israelites.Waving the Sheaf of Harvest Is Also the Custom of Japan.The Jews wave a sheaf of their first fruits of grain seven weeks before Shavuot (Pentecost, Leviticus 23:10-11), They also wave a sheaf of plants at Sukkot (the Feast of Booths, Leviticus 23:40). This has been a tradition since the time of Moses. Ancient Israeli priests also waved a plant branch when he sanctifies someone. David said, "Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean" [Psalm 51:7(9)]. This is also a traditional Japanese custom.
Shinto priest waving for sanctificationWhen a Japanese priest sanctifies someone or something, he waves a tree branch. Or he waves a "harainusa," which is made of a stick and white papers and looks like a plant. Today's "harainusa" is simplified and made of white papers that are folded in a zigzag pattern like small lightning bolts, but in olddays it was a plant branch or cereals.A Japanese Christian woman acquaintance of mine used to think of this "harainusa" as merely a pagan custom. But she later went to the U.S.A.and had an opportunity to attend a Sukkot ceremony. When she saw the Jewish waving of the sheaf of the harvest, she shouted in her heart, "Oh, this is the same as a Japanese priest does! Here lies the home for the Japanese."The Structure of the Japanese Shinto Shrine is Similar to God's Tabernacle of Ancient Israel.The inside of God's tabernacle in ancient Israelwas divided into two parts. The first was the Holy Place, and the second was the Holy of Holies. The Japanese Shinto shrine is also divided into two parts.The functions performed in the Japanese shrine are similar to those of the Israeli tabernacle. Japanese pray in front of its Holy Place. They cannot enter inside. Only Shinto priests and special ones can enter. Shinto priest enters the Holy of Holies of the Japanese shrine only at special times. This is similar to the Israeli tabernacle.The Japanese Holy of Holies is located usually in far west or far north of the shrine. The Israeli Holy of Holies was located in far west of the temple. Shinto's Holy of Holies is also located on a higher level than the Holy Place, and between them are steps. Scholars state that, in the Israeli temple built by Solomon, the Holy of Holies was on an elevated level as well, and between them there were steps of about 2.7 meters (9 feet) in width.
Typical Japanese Shinto shrineIn front of a Japanese shrine, there are two statues of lions known as "komainu" that sit on both sides of the approach. They are not idols but guards for the shrine. This was also a custom of ancient Israel. In God's temple in Israel and in the palace of Solomon, there were statues or relieves of lions (1 Kings 7:36, 10:19)."Komainu" guards for shrineIn the early history of Japan, there were absolutely no lions. But the statues of lions have been placed in Japanese shrines since ancient times. It has been proven by scholars that statues of lions located in front of Japanese shrines originated from the Middle East.Located near the entrance of a Japanese shrine is a "temizuya" - a place for worshipers to wash their hands and mouth. They used to wash their feet, too, in old days. This is a similar custom as is found in Jewish synagogues. The ancient tabernacle and temple of Israelalso had a laver for washing hands and feet near the entrances.In front of a Japanese shrine, there is a gate called the "torii." The type gate does not exist in China or in Korea, it is peculiar to Japan. The "torii" gate consists of two vertical pillars and a bar connecting the upper parts. But the oldest form consists of only two vertical pillars and a rope connecting the upper parts. When a Shinto priest bows to the gate, he bows to the two pillars separately. It is assumed that the "torii" gate was originally constructed of only two pillars.In the Israeli temple, there were two pillars used as a gate (1 Kings 7:21). Andaccording to Joseph Eidelberg, in Aramaic language which ancient Israelites used, the word for gate was "tar'a." This word might have changed slightly and become the Japanese "torii".Some "toriis," especially of old shrines, are painted red. I can't help but think this is a picture of the two door posts and the lintel on which the blood of the lamb was put the night before the exodus from Egypt.In the Japanese Shinto religion, there is a custom to surround a holy place with a rope called the "shimenawa," which has slips of white papers inserted along the bottom edge of the rope. The "shimenawa" rope is set as the boundary. The Bible says that when Moses was given God's Ten Commandments on Mt. Sinai, he "set bounds" (Exodus 19:12) around it for the Israelites not to approach. Although the nature of these "bounds" is not known, ropes might have been used. The Japanese "shimenawa" rope might then be a custom that originates from the time of Moses. The zigzag pattern of white papers inserted along the rope reminds me of the thunders at Mt. Sinai.The major difference between a Japanese Shinto shrine and the ancient Israeli temple is that the shrine does not have the burning altar for animal sacrifices. I used to wonder why Shinto religion does not have the custom of animal sacrifices if Shinto originated from the religion of ancient Israel. But then I found the answer in Deuteronomy, chapter 12. Moses commanded the people not to offer any animal sacrifices at any other locations except at specific places inCanaan (12:10-14). Hence, if the Israelites came to ancient Japan, they would not be permitted to offer animal sacrifices.Shinto shrine is usually built on a mountain or a hill. Almost every mountain inJapan has a shrine, even you find a shrine on top of Mt. Fuji. In ancient Israel, on mountains were usually located worship places called "the high places". Thetemple of Jerusalem was built on a mountain (Mt. Moriah). Moses was given the Ten Commandments from God on Mt. Sinai. It was thought in Israel that mountain is a place close to God.Many Shinto shrines are built with the gates in the east and the Holy of Holies in the west as we see in Matsuo grand shrine (Matsuo-taisya) in Kyoto and others.While, others are built with the gates in the south and the Holy of Holies in the north. The reason of building with the gates in the east (and the Holy of Holies in the west) is that the sun comes from the east. The ancient Israeli tabernacle or temple was built with the gate in the east and the Holy of Holies in the west, based on the belief that the glory of God comes from the east.All Shinto shrines are made of wood. Many parts of the ancient Israeli temple were also made of wood. The Israelites used stones in some places, but walls, floors, ceilings and all of the insides were overlaid with wood (1 Kings 6:9, 15-18), which was cedars from Lebanon (1 Kings 5:6). In Japanthey do not have cedars from Lebanon, so in Shinto shrines they use Hinoki cypress which is hardly eaten by bugs like cedars from Lebanon. The wood of the ancient Israeli temple was all overlaid with gold (1 Kings 6:20-30). In Japan the important parts of the main shrine of Ise-jingu, for instance, are overlaid with gold.Many Japanese Customs Resemble Those of Ancient Israel.When Japanese people pray in front of the Holy Placeof a Shinto shrine, they firstly ring the golden bell which is hung at the center of the entrance. This was also the custom of the ancient Israel. The high priest Aaron put "bells of gold" on the hem of his robe. This was so that its sound might be heard and he might not die when ministered there (Exodus 28:33-35).
Golden bell at the entrance of Shinto shrineJapanese people clap their hands two times when they pray there. This was, in ancient Israel, the custom to mean, "I keep promises." In the Scriptures, you can find the word which is translated into "pledge." The original meaning of this word in Hebrew is, "clap his hand" (Ezekiel 17:18, Proverbs 6:1). It seems that the ancient Israelites clapped their hands when they pledged or did something important.Japanese people bow in front of the shrine before and after clapping their hands and praying. They also perform a bow as a polite greeting when they meet each other. To bow was also the custom of the ancient Israel. Jacob bowed when he was approaching Esau (Genesis 33:3).Ordinarily, contemporary Jews do not bow. However, they bow when reciting prayers. Modern Ethiopians have the custom of bowing, probably because of the ancient Jews who immigrated to Ethiopiain ancient days. The Ethiopian bow is similar to the Japanese bow.We Japanese have the custom to use salt for sanctification. People sometimes sow salt after an offensive person leaves. When I was watching a TV drama from the times of the Samurai, a woman threw salt on the place where a man she hated left. This custom is the same as that of the ancient Israelites. AfterAbimelech captured an enemy city, "he sowed it with salt" (Judges 9:45). We Japanese quickly interpret this to mean to cleanse and sanctify the city.I hear that when Jews move to a new house they sow it with salt to sanctify it and cleanse it. This is true also in Japan. In Japanese-style restaurants, they usually place salt near the entrance. Jews use salt for Kosher meat. All Kosher meat is purified with salt and all meals start with bread and salt.Japanese people place salt at the entrance of a funeral home. After coming back from a funeral, one has to sprinkle salt on oneself before entering his/her house. It is believed in Shinto that anyone who went to a funeral or touched a dead body had become unclean. Again, this is the same concept as was observed by the ancient Israelites.Japanese "sumo" wrestler sowing with saltJapanese "sumo" wrestlers sow the sumo ring with salt before they fight. European or American people wonder why they sow salt. But Rabbi Tokayerwrote that Jews quickly understand its meaning.Japanese people offer salt every time they perform a religious offering, This is the same custom used by the Israelites:"With all your offerings you shall offer salt." (Leviticus 2:13)
Japanese people in old times had the custom of putting some salt into their baby's first bath. The ancient Israelites washed a newborn baby with water after rubbing the baby softly with salt (Ezekiel 16:4). Sanctification and cleansing with salt and/or water is a common custom among both the Japanese and the ancient Israelites.In the Hebrew Scriptures, the words "clean" and "unclean" often appear. Europeans and Americans are not familiar with this concept, but the Japanese understand it. A central concept of Shinto is to value cleanness and to avoid uncleanness. This concept probably came from ancient Israel.Similar to Judaism, in Japanese Shinto Religion, There Are No IdolsBuddhist temples have idols which are carved in the shape of Buddha and other gods. However in Japanese Shinto shrines, there are no idols.In the center of the Holy of Holies of a Shinto shrine, there is a mirror, sword, or pendant. Nevertheless, Shinto believers do not regard these items as their gods. In Shinto, gods are thought to be invisible. The mirror, sword, and pendant are not idols but merely objects to show that it is a holy place where invisible gods come down.In the ark of the covenant of ancient Israel, there were stone tablets of God's Ten Commandments, a jar of manna and the rod of Aaron. These were not idols, but objects to show that it was the holy place where the invisible God comes down. The same thing can be said concerning the objects in Japanese shrines.
Old Japanese Words Have Hebrew Origin.Joseph Eidelberg, a Jew who once came to Japanand remained for years at a Japanese Shinto shrine, wrote a book entitled "The Japanese and the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel." He wrote that many Japanese words originated from ancient Hebrew. For instance, we Japanese say "hazukashime" to mean disgrace or humiliation. In Hebrew, it is "hadak hashem" (tread down the name; see Job 40:12). The pronunciation and the meaning of both of them are almost the same.We say "anta" to mean "you," which is the same in Hebrew. Kings in ancientJapan were called with the word "mikoto," which could be derived from a Hebrew word "malhuto" which means "his kingdom." The Emperor of Japan is called "mikado." This resembles the Hebrew word, "migadol," which means "the noble." The ancient Japanese word for an area leader is "agata-nushi;" "agata" is "area" and "nushi" is "leader." In Hebrew, they are called "aguda" and "nasi."When we Japanese count, "One, two, three... ten," we sometimes say:"Hi, fu, mi, yo, itsu, mu, nana, ya, kokono, towo."This is a traditional expression, but its meaning is unknown it is thought of as being Japanese.It has been said that this expression originates from an ancient Japanese Shinto myth. In the myth, the female god, called "Amaterasu," who manages the world's sunlight, once hid herself in a heavenly cave, and the world became dark. Then, according to the oldest book of Japanese history, the priest called "Koyane" prayed with words before the cave and in front of the other gods to have "Amaterasu" come out. Although the words said in the prayer are not written, a legend says that these words were, "Hi, fu, mi...."
"Amaterasu" is hiding in a heavenly cave; "Koyane" is praying and "Uzume" is dancing.Joseph Eidelberg stated that this is a beautiful Hebrew expression, if it is supposed that there were some pronunciation changes throughout history. These words are spelled:"Hifa mi yotsia ma na'ne ykakhena tavo."This means: "The beautiful (Goddess). Who will bring her out? What should we call out (in chorus) to entice her to come?" This surprisingly fits the situation of the myth.Moreover, we Japanese not only say, "Hi, hu, mi...," but also say with the same meaning:"Hitotsu, futatsu, mittsu, yottsu, itsutsu, muttsu, nanatsu, yattsu, kokonotsu,towo."Here, "totsu" or "tsu" is put to each of "Hi, hu, mi..." as the last part of the words.But the last "towo" (which means ten) remains the same. "Totsu" could be the Hebrew word "tetse," which means, "She comes out. " And "tsu" may be the Hebrew word "tse" which means "Come out."Eidelberg believed that these words were said by the gods who surrounded the priest, "Koyane." That is, when "Koyane" first says, "Hi," the surrounding gods add, "totsu" (She comes out) in reply, and secondly, when "Koyane" says, "Fu," the gods add "totsu" (tatsu), and so on. In this way, it became "Hitotsu, futatsu,mittsu...."However, the last word, "towo," the priest, "Koyane," and the surrounding gods said together. If this is the Hebrew word "tavo," it means, "(She) shall come." When they say this, the female god, "Amaterasu," came out."Hi, fu, mi..." and "Hitotsu, futatsu, mittsu..." later were used as the words to count numbers.In addition, the name of the priest, "Koyane," sounds close to a Hebrew word, "kohen," which means, "a priest." Eidelberg showed many other examples of Japanese words (several thousand) which appeared to have a Hebrew origin. This does not appear to be accidental.In ancient Japanese folk songs, many words appear that are not understandable as Japanese. Dr. Eiji Kawamorita considered that many of them are Hebrew. A Japanese folk song in Kumamoto prefecture is sung, "Hallelujah, haliya, haliya,tohse, Yahweh, Yahweh, yoitonnah...." This also sounds as if it is Hebrew.Similarity Between the Biblical Genealogy and Japanese Mythology
There is a remarkable similarity between the Biblical article and Japanese mythology. A Japanese scholar points out that the stories around Ninigi in the Japanese mythology greatly resemble the stories around Jacob in the Bible.In the Japanese mythology, the Imperial family of Japanand the nation of Yamato (the Japanese) are descendants from Ninigi, who came from heaven. Ninigi is the ancestor of the tribe of Yamato, or Japanese nation. While Jacob is the ancestor of the Israelites.In the Japanese mythology, it was not Ninigi who was to come down from heaven, but the other. But when the other was preparing, Ninigi was born and in a result, instead of him, Ninigi came down from heaven and became the ancestor of the Japanese nation. In the same way, according to the Bible, it was Esau, Jacob's elder brother, who was to become God's nation but in a result, instead of Esau, God's blessing for the nation was given to Jacob, and Jacob became the ancestor of the Israelites.And in the Japanese mythology, after Ninigi came from heaven, he fell in love with a beautiful woman named Konohana-sakuya-hime and tried to marry her.But her father asked him to marry not only her but also her elder sister.However the elder sister was ugly and Ninigi gave her back to her father. In the same way, according to the Bible, Jacob fell in love with beautiful Rachel and tried to marry her (Genesis chapter 29). But her father says to Jacob that he cannot give the younger sister before the elder, so he asked Jacob to marry the elder sister (Leah) also. However the elder sister was not so beautiful, Jacob disliked her. Thus, there is a parallelism between Ninigi and Jacob.And in the Japanese mythology, Ninigi and his wife Konohana-sakuya-hime bear a child named Yamasachi-hiko. But Yamasachi-hiko is bullied by his elder brother and has to go to the country of a sea god. There Yamasachi-hiko gets a mystic power and troubles the elder brother by giving him famine, but later forgives his sin. In the same way, according to the Bible, Jacob and his wife Rachel bear a child named Joseph. But Joseph is bullied by his elder brothers and had to go to Egypt. There Joseph became the prime minister of Egypt and gets power, and when the elder brothers came to Egypt because of famine, Joseph helped them and forgives their sin. Thus, there is a parallelism betweenYamasachi-hiko and Joseph.Similarity between the biblical genealogy and Japanese mythologyAnd in the Japanese mythology, Yamasachi-hiko married a daughter of the sea god, and bore a child named Ugaya-fukiaezu. Ugaya-fukiaezu had 4 sons. But his second and third sons were gone to other places. The forth son is emperor Jinmuwho conquers the land of Yamato. On this line is the Imperial House of Japan.While, what is it in the Bible? Joseph married a daughter of a priest in Egypt, and bore Manasseh and Ephraim. Ephraim resembles Ugaya-fukiaezu in the sense that Ephraim had 4 sons, but his second and third sons were killed and died early (1 Chronicles 7:20-27), and a descendant from the forth son was Joshua who conquered the land of Canaan (the land of Israel). On the line of Ephraim is the Royal House of the Ten Tribes of Israel.Thus we find a remarkable similarity between the biblical genealogy and Japanese mythology - between Ninigi and Jacob, Yamasachi-hiko and Joseph, and the Imperial family of Japan and the tribe of Ephraim.Furthermore, in the Japanese mythology, the heaven is called Hara of Takama(Takama-ga-hara or Takama-no-hara). Ninigi came from there and founded the Japanese nation. Concerning this Hara of Takama, Zen'ichirou Oyabe, a Japanese researcher, thought that this is the city Haranin the region of Togarmah where Jacob and his ancestors once lived; Jacob lived in Haran of Togarmah for a while, then came to Canaanand founded the Israeli nation.Jacob once saw in a dream the angels of God ascending and descending between the heaven and the earth (Genesis 28:12), when Jacob was given a promise of God that his descendants would inherit the land of Canaan. This was different from Ninigi's descending from heaven, but resembles it in image.Thus, except for details, the outline of the Japanese mythology greatly resembles the records of the Bible. It is possible to think that the myths of Kojiki and Nihon-shoki, the Japanese chronicles written in the 8th century, were originally based on Biblical stories but later added with various pagan elements. Even it might be possible to think that the Japanese mythology was originally a kind ofgenealogy which showed that the Japanese are descendants from Jacob, Joseph, and Ephraim.Impurity during Menstruation and Bearing ChildThe concept of uncleanness during menstruation and bearing child has existed in Japan since ancient times. It has been a custom in Japan since old days that woman during menstruation should not attend holy events at shrine. She could not have sex with her husband and had to shut herself up in a hut (calledGekkei-goya in Japanese), which is built for collaboration use in village, during her menstruation and several days or about 7 days after the menstruation. This custom had been widely seen in Japan until Meiji era (about 100 years ago). After the period of shutting herself up ends, she had to clean herself by natural water as river, spring, or sea. It there is no natural water, it can be done in bathtub.This resembles ancient Israeli custom very much. In ancient Israel, woman during menstruation could not attend holy events at the temple, had to be apart from her husband, and it was custom to shut herself up in a hut during her menstruation and 7 days after the menstruation (Leviticus 15:19, 28). This shutting herself up was said "to continue in the blood of her purification", and this was for purification and to make impurity apart from the house or the village.
Menstruation hut used by Falasha, Ethiopian JewsThis remains true even today. There are no sexual relations, for the days of menstruation and an additional 7 days. Then the woman goes to the Mikveh, ritual bath. The water of the Mikveh must be natural water. There are cases of gathering rainwater and putting it to the Mikveh bathtub. In case of not having enough natural water, water from faucet is added. Modern people may feel irrational about this concept but women during menstruation or bearing child need rest physically and mentally. Woman herself says that she feels impure in her blood in the period. "To continue in the blood of her purification" refers to this need of rest of her blood.Not only concerning menstruation, but also the concept concerning bearing child in Japanese Shinto resembles the one of ancient Israel. A mother who bore a child is regarded unclean in a certain period. This concept is weak among the Japanese today, but was very common in old days. The old Shinto book, Engishiki (the 10th century C.E.), set 7 days as a period that she cannot participate in holy events after she bore a child. This resembles an ancient custom of Israel, for the Bible says that when a woman has conceived, and borne a male child, then she shall be "unclean 7 days". She shall then "continue in the blood of her purification 33 days". In the case that she bears a female child, then she shall be "unclean two weeks", and she shall "continue in the blood of her purification 66 days'" (Leviticus 12:2-5).In Japan it had been widely seen until Meiji era that woman during pregnancy and after bearing child shut herself up in a hut (called Ubu-goya in Japanese) and lived there. The period was usually during the pregnancy and 30 days or so after she bore a child (The longest case was nearly 100 days). This resembles the custom of ancient Israel.In ancient Israel, after this period of purification the mother could come to the temple with her child for the first time. Also in the custom of Japanese Shinto, after this period of purification the mother can come to the shrine with her baby. In modern Japan it is generally 32 days (or 31 days) after she bore the baby in case of a male, and 33 days in case of a female.But when they come to the shrine, it is not the mother who carries the baby. It is a traditional custom that the baby should be carried not by the mother, but usually by the husband's mother (mother-in-law). This is a remarkable similarity of purity and impurity of the mother, after childbirth, with ancient Israeli custom.Japanese "Mizura" and Jewish Peyot
The photo below (left) is a statue of an ancient Japanese Samurai found in relics of the late 5th century C.E. in Nara, Japan. This statue shows realistically the ancient Japanese men's hair style called "mizura," which hair comes down under his cap and hangs in front of both ears with some curling. This hair style was widely seen among Japanese Samurais, and it was unique to Japan, not the one which came from the cultures of China or Korea.Ancient Japanese Samurai's hair style "mizura" (left) and Jewish "peyot" (right)Is it a mere coincidence that this resembles Jewish "peyot" (payot) very much, which is also a hair style of hanging the hair in front of the ears long with some curling (photo right)? "Peyot" is a unique hair style for Jews and the origin is very old. Leviticus 19:27 of the Bible mentions:"'Do not cut the hair at the sides of your head."So, this custom originated from the ancient Israelites. The "peyot" custom of today's Hasidic Jews is a recovery of this ancient custom. Yemenite Jews have had this custom since ancient times. There is a statue from Syria, which is from the 8th or 9th century B.C.E.. It shows a Hebrew man with peyot and a fringed shawl.
DNA Research on the Japanese and Jews
DNA shows the common ancestry of the Japanese and Jews
Recent DNA researches on Y-chromosome showed that about 40 % of the Japanese have DNA of haplogroup D. Y-chromosome DNA is passed from father to son, and is classified according to genetic features into genetic groups called“haplogroups” from A to T. Only Japanese and Tibetan peoples in the world have haplogroup D at a high frequency. D is rarely found even among the Chinese and Koreans.
According to geneticists, haplogroup D is the compatriot of haplogroup E, whichis found in all Jewish groups of the world. Haplogroups D and E were once one and have the common origin, as Wikipedia encyclopedia states:
“Along with haplogroup E, D contains the distinctive YAP polymorphism, which indicates their common ancestry.” [Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)]
According to Family Tree DNA, a DNA test provider, especially E1b1b1 type of haplogroup E is “found in all Jewish populations, from Ashkenazi, Sephardic, Kurdish, Yemen, Samaritan and even among Djerba Jewish groups.” They use this genetic marker to find Jewish descendants.
The Pathans in Afghanistan and Pakistan, who are said to be descendants of the Lost Tribes of Israel, have haplogroup E remarkably. The Uzbekistan Jews, who are also said to be from the Lost Tribes, have haplogroup E at the frequency of 28 %. The Falasha, Ethiopian Jews, have haplogroup E at 50 %.
Haplogroup E is found even among those said to be from the Lost Tribes of Israel.
Haplogroups D and E were once one, but became separate in the Near East. Those who remained in the Near East or went west became Jews, while those who moved east became the Lost Tribes of Israel in the East, including�”Israelite Tibetans” and the Japanese.
What I call “Israelite Tibetans” are the Chiang (Qiang) people (southwest China), the Shinlung (Bnei Menashe, northeast India) and the Karen (Myanmar). They all live near Tibet and speak language of Tibet-Burma language group. Rabbi Eliyahu Avichail of Amishav thinks that these tribes are descendants of the Lost Tribes, because they have many ancient Israeli customs.
It is noteworthy thatespecially 23% of the Chiang people have haplogroup D, which came from the common ancestor with E. The Japanese, having haplogroup D also, are closely related to them.
Rabbi Avichail thinks that these Chiang, Shinlung and Karen were once one and the same tribe, because they all once wandered in China, were persecuted by the Chinese and lost the Torah there, having the same legends and customs. It seems that the origins of the Japanese and these Israelite Tibetans were once the same.
Current Jews, both Ashkenazi and Sephardic, mainly have haplogroups J, E and R. It is thought that ancient Jews mainly had haplogroups J and E.
Some people think that especially J was peculiar to original Jews, because about 80% of paternally inherited Cohen families, who are descendants of the High Priest Aaron, belong to J. However, Aaron was a Levite, and J is found among paternal Levites only at a relatively low frequency. The Levites have haplogroup E as other Jews do, and Samaritan Levite priests belong to haplogroup E.
For haplogroup E is found in all Jewish groups of the world, E had been a distinctive Jewish haplogroup since before the diaspora of 70 C.E..
Israelites had experienced blood mixing since very early times. The Bible mentions about the exodus from Egypt, "Many other people who were not Israelites went with them" (Exodus 12:38, New Century Version). Moses many times mentioned about foreigners living among his people. They could become Israelites if circumcised and living as Israelites (Exodus 12:48, etc). There were thussome haplogroups found among ancient Israelites.
However, most of the peoples who are said to be from the Lost Tribes of Israel do not have haplogroup J, including the following peoples:
*Chiang (Qiang, southwest China)
*Bnei Menashe (Shinlung, northeast India)
*Karen (Myanmar)
*Bene Ephraim (South India)
*Beta Israel (Falasha, Ethiopia)
*Bukharan Jews (Persian Jews)
*Igbo Jews (Nigeria)
The Japanese also do not have haplogroup J. It seems that the basic haplogroup of ancient Israelites was haplogroup E or haplogroup DE (ancestor of haplogroups D and E). Today, the Pathans and Uzbekistan Jews, who are the Lost Tribes of Israel living in West Asia or Central Asia, have haplogroup E. While in the East, the Chiang and the Japanese have haplogroup D.
D and E were once one. The Japanese are genetically from the Lost Tribes of Israel.
To be continued to:Chapter 2 - The Ten Lost Tribes of Israel in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kashmir, Myanmar, and ChinaChapter 3 - Did the Lost Tribes of Israel Come To Ancient Japan?Chapter 4 - Various Other Similarities Between Ancient Israel and Ancient Japan
Please feel free to print this site for your personal use, and distribute it to your friends.
Arimasa Kubo
Remnant PublishingE-mail: remnant@aioros.ocn.ne.jp (Your thoughts and opinions are welcome, although I may not be able to reply to all.)Home-page is here.
For more information
Free Video on Israelites and the Japanese
I appeared in a Japanese TV program on this topic, broadcasted from a major TV station. The program was entitled "The Roots of Japan Were Ancient Israel!?"You can watch part of it at YouTube.(For English subtitle, click "CC" at the right bottom of the YouTube screen)For those who want to watch the complete program (about 90 minutes) with English subtitle, I will send a DVD copy for free.To obtain it, please send your email toremnant@aioros.ocn.ne.jp including your postal address like the following.*********************************************To Remnant PublishingPlease send me a free copy of the DVD "The Roots of Japan Were Ancient Israel!?"Mr. or Ms.?:Name :Address:Country:*********************************************(You can copy and paste to the email text field.)
Recommended books:The following are the books written by Jewish researchers on the connections between the Israelites and the Japanese.*The Biblical Hebrew Origin of the Japanese People, written by Joseph Eidelberg(English and Hebrew).*In the Footsteps of the Lost Ten Tribes, written by Avigdor Shachan (English and Hebrew).*The Tribes of Israel - The Lost and the Dispersed, written by Rabbi Eliyahu Avichail (English and Hebrew).*If you can read Japanese, "Nihon-Yudaya, Huuin no Kodaishi" which is written by Rabbi Marvin Tokayer and published by Tokuma-shoten is the best book on this topic (This book includes many pictures. The English version is not published yet).
Other recommended links:The Mystery of Jews in Japan (video)Who are the Japanese?Bnei MenasheJapanese-Jewish ResourcesStraight Talk About God (Lost Tribes)
Was Japanese Culture Influenced by Ancient Israel
BBS Information on the Lost Tribes of Israel (Sorry, this BBS was damaged by spammers and not working now)
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Hokkani boro, also called hakk'ni panki is a term in the Romani language for "the great trick" or acon artist's scam. Hokkani boro is often practiced by Romani people, or Gypsies,[citation needed]and is used to gain a client's trust and then his or her money. The term is also known as "hokkeny bāro".It refers to any of several methods used to bilk someone of their money, and may be the origin of the term's use in the English language to mean shady dealings, trickery, etc.[1]
MethodsEdit
Several different methods of practicing hokkani boro have been used. In one of them, a Romani woman gives a client a spell, which is believed to make money double magically overnight. After the client sleeps on a bundle of money notes, the Romani woman returns and the money has seemingly doubled. When the client is convinced, he or she gives the Romani woman more money to double. The Romani woman informs the client that the greater quantity of money must take more time to double, usually a period of three weeks, and it must be left undisturbed. Unbeknownst to the client, the Romani woman has taken the money and left only money-sized pieces of paper in the bundle.Charles G. Leland in his book English Gipsies and Their Language mentions Hokkeny Bāro and suggests a relation between the Gypsy term for "sleight of hand", Huckneny Pokee, and the termshanky panky and hocus pocus.[2]
Romani boy in bear costume, part of entertainer team for working Christmas crowds. Budapest, Hungary.
In Eastern Europe, Roma often live in depressed squatter communities with very highunemployment, while only some are fully integrated in the society. However, in some cases—notably the Kalderash clan in Romania, who work as traditional coppersmiths—they have prospered. Although some Roma still embrace a nomadic lifestyle, most migration is actually forced, as most communities do not accept Romani settlements.Many countries that were formerly part of the Eastern bloc and former Yugoslavia have substantial populations of Romanies. The level of integration of Romanies into society remains limited. In these countries, they usually remain on the margins of society, living in isolated,ghetto-like settlements (see Chánov). Only a small fraction of Romani children graduate from secondary schools, though numerous official efforts have been made, past and present, to compel their attendance. Romanies frequently feel rejected by the state and the main population, creating another obstacle to their integration.In the Czech Republic, 75% of Romani children are educated in schools for people with learning difficulties and 70% are unemployed, compared with a national rate of 9%. In Hungary, 44% of Romani children are in special schools, while 74% of men and 83% of women are unemployed. In Slovakia, Romani children are 28 times more likely to be sent to a special school than non-Romani, whilst Romani unemployment stands at 80%.[21]In some countries, dependence on social security systems is part of the problem. For some Romanies families, it may be preferable to live on social security compared to low-paid jobs. That creates many new problems: anger against Romanies, conditions that produce crime, and extreme sensitivity to changes in social security. A good example of the latter is Slovakia, where reduction of social security (a family is paid allowance only for the first three children) led to civil disorder in several Romani villages.In 2004, Lívia Járóka and Viktória Mohácsi of Hungary became the two current Romani Members of the European Parliament. The first Romani MEP was Juan de Dios Ramirez Heredia of Spain.Seven former Communist Central European and Southeastern European states launched theDecade of Roma Inclusion initiative in 2005 to improve the socioeconomic conditions and status of the Romani minority.
There are still tensions between the Romanies and the majority population around them. Common complaints are that Romanies steal and live off social welfare and residents often reject Romani encampments. This has led to Romani being described as gypsies "perhaps the most hated minority in Europe."[16] In the UK, travellers (referring to both Irish Travellers and Romanies) became a 2005 general election isse, with Michael Howard, the then-leader of theConservative Party promising to review the Human Rights Act 1998.[17] This law, which absorbs the European Convention on Human Rights into UK primary legislation, is seen by some to permit the granting of retrospective planning permission for Romani communities. Severe population pressures and the paucity of greenfield sites have led to travellers purchasing land and setting up residential settlements almost overnight, thus subverting the planning restrictions imposed on other members of the community. Travellers argued in response that thousands of retrospective planning permissions are granted in Britain in cases involving non-Romanies applicants each year and that statistics showed that 90% of planning applications by Romanies and travellers were initially refused by local councils, compared with a national average of 20% for other applicants, potentially disproving claims of preferential treatment favouring Gypsies. They also argued that the root of the problem was that many traditional stopping-places had been barricaded off and that legislation passed by the previous Conservative government had effectively criminalised their communities by removing local authorities’ responsibility to provide sites, thus leaving the travellers with no option but to purchase unregistered new sites themselves.[18]Law enforcement agencies in the United States hold regular on the Romanies and similar nomadic groups.[19]In Denmark, there was much controversy when the city of Helsingør decided to put all Romani students in special classes in its public schools. The classes were later abandoned after it was determined that they were discriminatory and the Romanies were put back in regular classes.[2The cult of Saint Sarah in the shrine of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, Southern France is a devotion associated with Catholic Romanies.
A Romani patriarch, Florin Cioabă, ran afoul of Romanian authorities in late 2003 when he married off his youngest daughter, Ana-Maria at the age of twelve, well below the legal marriageable age.[4]Bride kidnapping is thought to be a traditional Romani practice. Girls as young as twelve years old may be kidnapped for marriage to teenage boys. This practice has been reported in Ireland,England, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Bulgaria and Slovakia.[5][6][7] Kidnapping has been seen as a way to avoid a bride price or a way for a girl to marry a boy she wants but that her parents do not want.[7] The tradition's normalisation of kidnapping puts young women at higher risk of becoming victims of human trafficking.[5][6]The practices of bride kidnapping and child marriage are not universally accepted throughout Romani culture. Some Romani women and men seek to eliminate such customs.[8]Romani customs often establish that the groom’s family must pay a bride price to the bride's parents. Romani social behaviour is strictly regulated by purity laws ("marime" or "marhime") respected by most Romanis and among Sinti groups by the elder generations. This regulation affects many aspects of life and is applied to actions, people, and things.
Purity and death
Parts of the human body are considered impure: the genital organs, because they produce impure emissions, and the lower body. Fingernails and toenails must be filed with an emery board; cutting them with a clipper is taboo.Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of menstruating women, are washed separately. Items used for eating are washed in a different place.Childbirth is considered "impure" and must occur outside the dwelling place; the mother is considered "impure" for 40 days.Death is seen as "impure" and affects the whole family of the dead, who may remain "impure" for a period after the death; usually private items of the dead are considered to be impure and are to be buried in his/her grave or given to non-Romani poor people.Many of these practices are also present in Hindu cultures. However, unlike the Hindu practice of burning the dead, Romani culture requires that the dead must be buried. Notable deviations from this practice exist among German Romanies and British Romanichal, the latter holding a tradition of cremation similar to that of some Hindu cultures. Up until the mid-20th century they invariably burned the deceased and all his or her earthly belongings, including the dwelling place, all which was considered spiritually impure. During the latter half of the 20th century British Romanichal began adopting the burial customs of their Continental cousins. It is believed the soul of the deceased does not officially enter Heaven until after the burial.http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture
Romanies began immigrating to the United States in colonial times, with small groups in Virginiaand French Louisiana. Larger-scale immigration began in the 1860s, with groups of Romnichalfrom Britain. The largest number immigrated in the early 20th century, mainly from the Vlaxgroup of Kalderash. Many Romanies also settled in other countries of the Americas.
Czech-Canadian Exodus
In August 1997, TV Nova, a popular television station in the Czech Republic, broadcast a documentary on the situation of Romanies who had emigrated to Canada.[50] The short report portrayed Romanies in Canada living comfortably with support from the state, and sheltered from racial discrimination and violence.[51] At the time, life was particularly difficult for many Romanies living in the Czech Republic. As a result of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, many Romanies were left without citizenship in either the Czech Republic or Slovakia.[52] Following the large flood in Moravia in July, many Romanies were left homeless yet unwelcome in other parts of the country.[50]Almost overnight, there were reports of Romanies preparing to emigrate to Canada. According to one report, 5,000 Romani from the city of Ostrava intended to move. Mayors in some Czech towns encouraged the exodus, offering to help pay for flights so that Romanies could leave. The following week, the Canadian Embassy in Prague was receiving hundreds of calls a day from Romanies and flights between the Czech Republic and Canada were sold out until October.[50] In 1997, 1,285 people from the Czech Republic arrived in Canada and claimed refugee status, a rather significant jump from the 189 Czechs who did so the previous year.[52]Lucie Cermakova, a spokesperson at the Canadian Embassy in Prague, criticized the program, claiming it "presented only one side of the matter and picked out only nonsensical ideas." Marie Jurkovicova, a spokesperson for the Czech Embassy in Ottawa suggested that "the program was full of half-truths, which strongly distorted reality and practically invited the exodus of large groups of Czech Romanies. It concealed a number of facts."[50]President Václav Havel and (after some hesitation) Prime Minister Václav Klaus attempted to convince the Romanies not to leave. With the help of Romani leaders like Emil Scuka, Chairman of the Roma Civic Initiative, they urged Romanies to remain in country and work to solve their problems with the larger Czech population.The movement of Romanies to Canada had been fairly easy because visa requirements for Czech citizens had been lifted by the Canadian government in April 1996. In response to the influx of Romanies, the Canadian government reinstated the visa requirements for all Czechs as of October 8, 1997.
In 1538, the first anti-gypsy legislation was issued in Moravia and Bohemia, which were underHabsburg rule. Three years later, after a series of fires in Prague which were blamed on the gypsies, Ferdinand I ordered Romanies to be expelled. In 1545, the Diet of Augsburg declared that “whoever kills a Gypsy, will be guilty of no murder”. The massive killing spree that resulted prompted the government to eventually step in and “forbid the drowning of Romani women and children”.[43] In 1710, Joseph I ordered “that all adult males were to be hanged without trial, whereas women and young males were to be flogged and banished forever.” In addition, they were to have their right ears cut off in the kingdom of Bohemia and their left ear in Moravia.[44]In 1530, England issued the Egyptians Act which banned Romanies from entering the country and required those living in the country to leave within 16 days. Failure to do so could result in confiscation of property, imprisonment and deportation. The act was amended with the Egyptians Act 1554, which ordered Romanies to leave the country within a month. Non-complying Romanies were executed. [45]In 1660, Romanies are prohibited from residence in France by Louis XIV.[46]In 1685, Portugal deports gypsies to Brasil. [47]
Pre-war organization
In 1879, a national meeting of Romanies was held in the Hungarian town of Kisfalu (nowPordašinci, Slovenia). Romanies in Bulgaria set up a conference in 1919 to protest for their right to vote, and a Romani journal, Istiqbal (Future) was founded in 1923.[36]In the Soviet Union, the All-Russian Union of Gypsies was organized in 1925 with a journal,Romani Zorya (Romani Dawn) beginning two years later. The Romengiro Lav (Romani Word) writer's circle encouraged works by authors like Nikolay Aleksandrovich Pankov and Nina Dudarova.[36]A General Association of the Gypsies of Romania was established in 1933 with a national conference, and two journals, Neamul Tiganesc (Gypsy Nation) and Timpul (Time). An "international" conference was organized in Bucharest the following year.[36]In Yugoslavia, Romani journal Romano Lil started publication in 1935.[36]
Porajmos
Main article: PorajmosDuring World War II, the Nazis murdered 220,000 to 1,500,000 Romanies in an attemptedgenocide referred to as the Porajmos.[48] Like the Jewsdick, they were sentenced to forced labor and imprisonment in concentration camps. They were often killed on sight, especially by theEinsatzgruppen on the Eastern Front.
Post-war history
In Communist central and eastern Europe, Romanies experienced assimilation schemes and restrictions of cultural freedom. The Romani language and Romani music were banned from public performance in Bulgaria. In Czechoslovakia, tens of thousands of Romanies from Slovakia, Hungary and Romania were re-settled in border areas of Czech lands and their nomadic lifestyle was forbidden. In Czechoslovakia, where they were labeled as a “socially degraded stratum,” Romani women were sterilized as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was implemented with large financial incentives, threats of denying future social welfare payments, misinformation, and involuntary sterilization.[49]In the early 1990s, Germany deported tens of thousands of migrants to central and eastern Europe. Sixty percent of some 100,000 Romanian nationals deported under a 1992 treaty were Romani.During the 1990s and early 21st century many Romanies from central and eastern Europe attempted to migrate to western Europe or Canada. The majority of them were turned back. Several of these countries established strict visa requirements to prevent further migration.In 2005, the Decade of Roma Inclusion was launched in nine Central and Southeastern Europeancountries to improve the socio-economic status and social inclusion of the Romani minority across the region.Most Romani speak one of several dialects of the Romani language,[117][not in citation given] an Indo-Aryan language. They also will often speak the languages of the countries they live in. Typically, they also incorporate loanwords and calques into Romani from the languages of those countries, especially words for terms that the Romani language does not have. Most of the Ciganos of Portugal, the Gitanos of Spain, the Romanichal of the UK, and Scandinavian Travellers have lost their knowledge of pure Romani, and respectively speak the mixed languages Caló,[118]Angloromany, and Scandoromani.
PersecutionsEdit
Main article: Antiziganism
Historical persecution
One of the most enduring persecutions against the Romani people was the enslaving of the Romanies. In the Byzantine Empire, they were slaves of the state and it seems the situation was the same in Bulgaria and Serbia until their social organization was destroyed by the Ottomanconquest. Slavery existed on the territory of present-day Romania from before the founding of the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in 13th–14th century, until it was abolished in stages during the 1840s and 1850s.[119] Legislation decreed that all the Romanies living in these states, as well as any others who would immigrate there, were slaves.[120] Most of the slaves were ofRoma (Gypsy) ethnicity.The exact origins of slavery in the Danubian Principalities are not known. There is some debate over whether the Romani people came to Wallachia and Moldavia as free men or as slaves. Historian Nicolae Iorga associated the Roma people's arrival with the 1241 Mongol invasion of Europe and considered their slavery as a vestige of that era, the Romanians taking the Roma from the Mongols as slaves and preserving their status. Other historians consider that they were enslaved while captured during the battles with the Tatars. The practice of enslaving prisoners may also have been taken from the Mongols.[119] While it is possible that some Romani people were slaves or auxiliary troops of the Mongols or Tatars, the bulk of them came from south of theDanube at the end of the 14th century, some time after the foundation of Wallachia. By then, the institution of slavery was already established in Moldavia and possibly in both principalities, but the arrival of the Roma made slavery a widespread practice. The Tatar slaves, smaller in numbers, were eventually merged into the Roma population.[121]The arrival of some branches of the Romani people in Western Europe in the 15th century was precipitated by the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Although the Romanies themselves were refugees from the conflicts in southeastern Europe, they were mistaken by the local population in the West, because of their foreign appearance, as part of the Ottoman invasion (the German Reichstags at Landau and Freiburg in 1496-1498 declared the Romanies as spies of the Turks). In Western Europe, this resulted in a violent history of persecution and attempts of ethnic cleansing until the modern era. As time passed, other accusations were added against local Romanies (accusations specific to this area, against non-assimilated minorities), like that of bringing the plague, usually sharing their burden together with the local Jews.[122]One example of official persecution of the Romani is exemplified by The Great Roundup ofSpanish Romanies (Gitanos) in 1749. The Spanish monarchy ordered a nationwide raid that led to separation of families and placement of all able-bodied men into forced labor camps.Later in the 19th century, Romani immigration was forbidden on a racial basis in areas outside Europe, mostly in the English-speaking world (in 1885 the United States outlawed the entry of the Roma) and also in some South American countries (in 1880 Argentina adopted a similar policy).[122]
Holocaust
Main article: PorajmosDeportation of Roma fromAsperg, Germany, 1940The persecution of the Romanies reached a peak during World War II in the Porajmos, the genocide perpetrated by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In 1935, the Nuremberg laws stripped the Romani people living in Nazi Germany of their citizenship, after which they were subjected to violence, imprisonment in concentration camps and later genocide in extermination camps. The policy was extended in areas occupied by the Nazis during the war, and it was also applied by their allies, notably the Independent State of Croatia, Romania and Hungary.Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Romanis, it is impossible to accurately assess the actual number of victims. Ian Hancock, director of the Program of Romani Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, proposes a figure of up to a million and a half, while an estimate of between 220,000 and 500,000 was made by Sybil Milton, formerly senior historian of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.[123] In Central Europe, the extermination in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was so thorough that the Bohemian Romani language became extinct.[citation needed]
Forced assimilation
In the Habsburg Monarchy under Maria Theresa (1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to force the Romanies to permanently settle, removed rights to horse and wagon ownership (1754), renamed them as "New Citizens" and forced Romani boys into military service if they had no trade (1761), forced them to register with the local authorities (1767), and prohibited marriage between Romanies (1773). Her successor Josef II prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing and the use of the Romani language, punishable by flogging.[124]In Spain, attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were under way as early as 1619, when Gitanos were forcibly settled, the use of the Romani language was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to separate workhouses and their children sent to orphanages. Similar prohibitions took place in 1783 under King Charles III, who prohibited the nomadic lifestyle, the use of the Calo language, Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades. The use of the wordgitano was also forbidden to further assimilation. Ultimately these measures failed, as the rest of the population rejected the integration of the Gitanos.[124][125]Other examples of forced assimilation include Norway, where a law was passed in 1896 permitting the state to remove children from their parents and place them in state institutions.[126] This resulted in some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the 20th century
Their early history shows a mixed reception. Although 1385 marks the first recorded transaction for a Romani slave in Wallachia, they were issued safe conduct by Sigismund of the Holy Roman Empire in 1417.[97] Romanies were ordered expelled from the Meissen region of Germany in 1416,Lucerne in 1471, Milan in 1493, France in 1504, Catalonia in 1512, Sweden in 1525, England in 1530 (see Egyptians Act 1530), and Denmark in 1536.[97] In 1510, any Romani found in Switzerland were ordered to be put to death, with similar rules established in England in 1554, and Denmark in 1589, whereas Portugal began deportations of Romanies to its colonies in 1538.[97]Later, a 1596 English statute, however, gave Romanies special privileges that other wanderers lacked; France passed a similar law in 1683. Catherine the Great of Russia declared the Romanies "crown slaves" (a status superior to serfs), but also kept them out of certain parts ofthe capital.[98] In 1595, Ştefan Răzvan overcame his birth into slavery, and became the Voivode(Prince) of Moldavia.[97
]http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_(people)
Humans have lived in the Camargue for millennia, greatly affecting it with drainage schemes,dykes, rice paddies and salt pans. Much of the outer Camargue has been drained for agricultural purposes. The Camargue has its own eponymous horse breed, the famous white Camarguais ridden by the gardians, who rear the region's fighting bulls for export to Spain, as well as sheep. Many of these animals are raised in semi-feral conditions within a Manade
.http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camargue
There are few towns of any size in the Camargue. Its "capital" is Arles, located at the extreme north of the delta where the Rhône forks into its two principal branches. The only other towns of note are Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, about 45 km to the southwest and the medieval fortress-town of Aigues-Mortes on the far western edge, in the Petite Camargue. Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer is the destination of the annual Roma pilgrimage for the veneration of Saint Sarah.The Camargue was exploited in the Middle-Ages by Cistercian and Benedictine monks. In the 16th-17th centuries, big estates, known locally as mas, were founded by rich landlords from Arles. At the end of the 18th century, the Rhône was diked up. In 1858, the building of the digue à la mer (dyke to the sea) achieved protection of the delta from erosion. The north of the Camargue is made of agricultural land. The main crops are cereals, grapevine and rice. Near the seashore, prehistoric man started extracting salt, a practice that continues today. Salt was a source of wealth for the Cistercian "salt abbeys" of Ulmet, Franquevaux and Psalmody in the Middle Ages. Industrial salt collection started in the 19th century, and big chemical companies such as Péchiney and Solvay founded the 'mining' city of Salin-de-Giraud.
[1] Its brine ponds provide one of the few European habitats for the greater flamingo. The marshes are also a prime habitat for many species of insects, notably (and notoriously) some of the most ferocious mosquitos to be found anywhere in France. It is also famous for the Camargue Bull and the Camargue Horse.The flora of the Camargue is specially adapted to cope with the saline conditions. Sea lavenderand glasswort flourish, along with tamarisks and reeds.
Arles is twinned with:Pskov, RussiaJerez de la Frontera, SpainFulda, GermanyYork, Pennsylvania, United StatesCubelles, SpainVercelli, ItalySagné, MauritaniaKalymnos, GreeceWisbech, United KingdomZhouzhuang, Kunshan, Jiangsu, People's Republic of ChinaVerviers, Belgium
One of the tortoise stelae ofXiao Dan (478—522), a member of the Liang royal family. Ganjiaxiang, Qixia District, near Nanjing
Turtle ship of Korean Yi.
Turtles mentioned in Nanjing mirrors significant favoritism of Turtle Ship of Korean History before 1910s.
The Huqiu Tower of Tiger Hill, Suzhou, built in 961.
The Siberian Tigers of Russia favored by Korean ancestors are also visible in Nanjing of Old China before China was newly estsblished in 1911 following Jap invasion of Korea in 1910.
Nanjing Massacre that killed Baekje-Manchu descendents
Of Three Kingdom Era of Korea destroyed from 1910 invasion of Korea by Kobe, Japan occupying Jews.
The Republic of China was established in 1912,[7] and China was soon torn apart by warlords. Jiangsu changed hands several times, but in April 1927 Chiang Kai-Shek established a government at Nanjing; he was soon able to bring most of China under his control. This was however interrupted by the second Sino-Japanese War, which began full-scale in 1937; on December 13, 1937, Nanjing fell, and the combined atrocities of the occupying Japanese for the next 3 months would come to be known as the Nanjing Massacre. Nanjing was the seat of thecollaborationist government of East China under Wang Jingwei, and Jiangsu remained under occupation until the end of the war in 1945.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu
an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. The name comes from jiang, short for the city of Jiangning (now Nanjing), andsu, for the city of Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" (sū), the second character of its name.[3
Arles, France is sistrr city of Nanjing China
Arles (French pronunciation: [aʁl]; Occitan: Arle [ˈaʀle] in both classical and Mistralian norms;Arelate in ancient Latin) is a city and commune in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhônedepartment, of which it is a subprefecture, in the former province of Provence.A large part of the Camargue is located on the territory of the commune, making it the largest commune in Metropolitan France in terms of territory (though Maripasoula, French Guiana is much larger). The city has a long history, and was of considerable importance in the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis. The Roman and Romanesque Monuments of Arles were listed asUNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1981. The Dutch post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Goghlived in Arles in 1888–1889 and produced over 300 paintings and drawings during his time there. An international photography festival has been held in the city since 1970.
The Ligurians were in this area from about 800 BC. Later Celtic influences have been discovered. The city became an important Phoenician trading port, before being taken by the Romans.The Romans took the town in 123 BC and expanded it into an important city, with a canal link to the Mediterranean Sea being constructed in 104 BC. However, it struggled to escape the shadow of Massalia (Marseilles) further along the coast.Its chance came when it sided with Julius Caesar against Pompey, providing military support. Massalia backed Pompey; when Caesar emerged victorious, Massalia was stripped of its possessions, which were transferred to Arelate as a reward. The town was formally established as a colony for veterans of the Roman legion Legio VI Ferrata, which had its base there. Its full title as a colony was Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensium Sextanorum, "the ancestral Julian colony of Arles of the soldiers of the Sixth."Arelate was a city of considerable importance in the province of Gallia Narbonensis. It covered an area of some 99 acres (40 ha) (400,000 m²) and possessed a number of monuments, includingan amphitheatre, triumphal arch, Roman circus, theatre, and a full circuit of walls. Ancient Arles was closer to the sea than it is now and served as a major port. It also had (and still has) the southernmost bridge on the Rhone. Very unusually, the Roman bridge was not fixed but consisted of a pontoon-style bridge of boats, with towers and drawbridges at each end. The boats were secured in place by anchors and were tethered to twin towers built just upstream of the bridge. This unusual design was a way of coping with the river's frequent violent floods, which would have made short work of a conventional bridge. Nothing now remains of the Roman bridge, which has been replaced by a more modern bridge near the same spot.The city reached a peak of influence during the 4th and 5th centuries, when Roman Emperorsfrequently used it as their headquarters during military campaigns. In 395 it became the seat of the Praetorian Prefecture of the Gauls, governing the western part of the Western Empire: Gaul proper plus Hispania (Spain) and Armorica (Brittany).It became a favorite city of Emperor Constantine I, who built baths there, substantial remains of which are still standing. His son, Constantine II, was born in Arles. Usurper Constantine IIIdeclared himself emperor in the West (407–411) and made Arles his capital in 408.Arles became renowned as a cultural and religious centre during the late Roman Empire. It was the birthplace of the sceptical philosopher Favorinus. It was also a key location for Roman Christianity and an important base for the Christianization of Gaul. The city's bishopric was held by a series of outstanding clerics, beginning with Saint Trophimus around 225 and continuing with Saint Honoré, then Saint Hilary in the first half of the 5th century. The political tension between the Catholic bishops of Arles and the Visigothic kings is epitomized in the career of the Frankish St Caesarius, bishop of Arles 503–542, who was suspected by the Arian Visigoth Alaric II of conspiring with the Burgundians to turn over the Arelate to Burgundy, and was exiled for a year to Bordeaux in Aquitaine, and again in 512 when Arles held out against Theodoric the Great, Caesarius was imprisoned and sent to Ravenna to explain his actions before the Ostrogothicking.[1]The friction between the Arian Christianity of the Visigoths and the Catholicism of the bishops sent out from Rome established deep roots for religious heterodoxy, even heresy, in Occitanculture. At Treves in 385, Priscillian achieved the distinction of becoming the first Christian burned alive for heresy (Manichaean in his case, see also Cathars, Camisards). Despite this tension and the city's decline in the face of barbarian invasions, Arles remained a great religious centre and host of church councils (see Council of Arles), the rival of Vienne, for hundreds of years.
Saint Sarah, also known as Sara-la-Kali ("Sara the Black", Romani: Sara e Kali), is the mythicpatron saint of the Romani (Gypsy) people. The center of her veneration is Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, a place of pilgrimage for Roma in the Camargue, in southern France. Legend identifies her as the servant of one of the Three Marys, with whom she is supposed to have arrived in the Camargue.[1]
Hérault is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.At the beginning of the 20th century, viticulture in the region was devastated by a slump in sales combined with disease affecting the vines, and thousands of small scale producers revolted. This revolt was suppressed very harshly by the government of Georges Clemenceau.The catastrophic frost of the winter of 1956 damaged the olive trees, and the olive-growing regions did not recover until the late 1980s. Many of the olive-industry co-ops closed.During the second half of the twentieth century the Montpellier basin underwent one of the most rapid population increases experienced anywhere in France.
Lesson; One must stop past injust!
Ironic and injust when one notes
the very oppressed Russian-Jews
and Soviet-Communimism preachers of 'justice for the minority'
PERSECUTE the minorities in Siberia,Russia.
So Wrong.
Especially 'religiously wrong';
where so many generations of 'Russian Jew-Diaspora'
have sought out 'religious freedom'.
Sick.
http://www.erm.ee/pdf/pro15/bulgakova.pdf
http://peopleofthetiger.com/page/6/
The natives see amba — the Nanai and Udeghe word for tiger — as a near deity. Killing a tiger remains taboo, a violation of a deep cultural value. Just to see amba is considered a sign that one has done something wrong and that one should pray for forgiveness.
“The tigers keep the forest healthy,” Yuri Sun, 51, an Udeghe hunter, tells me. “It’s good that the territory has tigers. They bring balance to the forest. If there were no tigers, there would be wolves, and they would kill everything.”
For two decades since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Udeghe tribe has struggled to protect the Bikin River basin from intruders. Through a 49-year-lease with the federal government that was signed in 2009, the tribe now controls 1.1 million acres, the heart of the largest tract of virgin temperate forest in the northern hemisphere.
The basin plays a critical role in the survival of the endangered Amur tiger, known to Westerners as the Siberian tiger. They are the world’s largest cats, with the average male adult weighing nearly 400 pounds.
About 400 tigers live in Russian Far East, and the Bikin River basin is home to 50 of them.. Tigers rarely atack people.\\In 1997, an injurted tiger attacked and ate two Russians in Bikin River basin. The tiger was killed.. One of the Russians was a poacher.
The Udeghe are among the eight indigenous tribes in the Russian Far East. Udeghe means, “forest people” in the Udeghe language.
There are 2 million ethnic Russians in the region. There are only 1,700 Udeghe, and Krasny Yar, the largest of the four Udeghe settlements, is their capital.
The Udeghe as a culture may face greater obstacles for survival than the tiger.
The Soviets banished or killed the shamans when they finally gained control of the mountainous area in the 1930s. They also discouraged native people from speaking their own language and taught them Russian school.
Today, only elders can still speak the Udeghe language fluently. Children only know certain words and phrases, such as “bugdifi,” the Udeghe word for “hello, and “loosa,” which means “Russians.”
The Udeghe are now trying to save their language. Ihila’s friend, Maria Kunchuga, 17, this fall will study the Udeghelanguage at a university in St. Petersburg and then return to the village to work as an Udeghe teacher in the school.
At the Udeghe festival, she recited a poem in the Udeghe language. Although few people understood her, the symbolism of the moment was not lost on the crowd: a young person was speaking Udeghe
When I asked why she want to study Udeghe, she replied in Russian, “It’s important to me. It’s my culture.”
Udeghe men hunt and trap for a living, as they have done for many centuries, a cultural heritage that sustains them and has allowed them to remain in this mountain valley as cohesive group.
The Udeghe and the Amur tiger share this forest. Both the tiger and the tribe face the threat of extinction but for now each is holding its own.
In their struggle to survive, their interests are protected by the existence of the other. In a sense they are allies.
“As long as there are Udeghe here, they won’t cut the forest,” says Evgeny Smernov, a forest ranger with the provincial agency, the Institute of Geography, based in Vladivostok. “The Udeghe won’t allow it. There would be a war.”
It turns out, that for the longest time, North Korea has been shipping its citizens to logging labor camps as a way to generate profit. These North Korean labor camps are hidden in a part of Siberia that can only realistically be reached via Trans-Siberian railway. Laborers reside in a North Korean-like village so that they never forget their homeland and its ideals.
These villages are equipped with North Korean homes, North Korean newspapers, North Korean propaganda, etc. to keep laborers in check. Each laborer is tied to a 3-year contract. The government mainly chooses men who have families back home as those men are less likely to run away.
Russia provides the equipment for the labor camps, and North Korean laborers use the equipment to produce lumber. Many work as much as 16 hours a day. Some of them don’t even know that they aren’t in North Korea, and others think that they are in the cold, dry, middle of now-where, for the betterment of the motherland.
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| Mother (works as a Nurse) of murdered Teen in Siberia.indigenous Udeghe tribe. |
(2011- Teen Murdered after confronting a bully on behalf of his friend)
