쿠키 사회] ‘그저 여러 경찰사장님들 몸 잘 살표가면서 띠여다니시기를 진심으로 빕니다.(그저 여러 경찰 분들 몸 잘 살펴가면서 일해주시길 진심으로 빕니다.)’인천 강화경찰서에 배달된 80대 할머니의 편지가 훈훈한 감동을 주고 있다.인천시 강화군 송해면에 사는 신효순(80) 할머니가 삐뚤삐뚤한 글씨로 쓴 편지가 경찰서에 배달된 것은 지난 12일이었다.국가유공자인 남편과 1992년 사별한 할머니는 국가보훈처에서 마련해 준 복권방을 운영하던 중 지난해 이맘때 절도 피해를 봤다.경찰은 이틀 만에 용의자를 검거했다.신 할머니는 17일 “도둑이 들었을 때 경찰관 분들이 복권방에 와서 고생을 하고 돌아가 늘 고맙고 죄송한 마음이 있었는데 편지로나마 고마움을 전하고 싶었다”고 말했다.이창수 강화경찰서장은 지난 15일 할머니를 경찰서로 초청, 점심을 대접하고 구내식당에서 담근 김치 한 통을 선물로 드렸다. 이 서장은 “할머니의 진심이 담긴 편지는 전 직원에게 큰 감동을 줬고 그 어떤 격려보다 값진 선물이었다”고 고마워했다.인천=국민일보 쿠키뉴스 정창교 기자 jcgyo@kmib.co.kr
Empire of Japan: 1876-1910
United States of America: 1882-1905
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: 1882-1905
German Empire: 1883-1905
Kingdom of Italy: 1884-1905
Russian Empire: 1884-1905
French Third Republic: 1886-1905
Austria-Hungary: 1892-1905
Qing China: 1899-1905
Kingdom of Belgium: 1901-1905
Kingdom of Denmark: 1902-1905
Sad truth is that the very diplomatic traties Korea-Manchu was forced to make to keep peace between 1876 to 1905 lists countries that deceived and backstabbed Korea leading to End Korean - Manchu of Jurchen Qing dynasty alliance with Han People of Old China before 1910!
A Korean translated book of Du Fu's poems, 1481( 1481 original Korean )
In 746, he moved to the capital in an attempt to resurrect his official career. He took the civil service exam a second time during the following year, but all the candidates were failed by theprime minister (apparently in order to prevent the emergence of possible rivals). He never again attempted the examinations, instead petitioning the emperor directly in 751, 754 and probably again in 755. He married around 752, and by 757 the couple had had five children—three sons and two daughters—but one of the sons died in infancy in 755. From 754 he began to have lung problems (probably asthma), the first of a series of ailments which dogged him for the rest of his life. It was in that year that Du Fu was forced to move his family due to the turmoil of a famine brought about by massive floods in the region.[1]In 755, he received an appointment as Registrar of the Right Commandant's office of the Crown Prince's Palace.[15] Although this was a minor post, in normal times it would have been at least the start of an official career. Even before he had begun work, however, the position was swept away by events.
Most of what is known of Du Fu's life comes from his poems. His paternal grandfather was Du Shenyan, a noted politician and poet during the reign of Empress Wu. Du Fu was born in 712; the exact birthplace is unknown, except that it was near Luoyang, Henan province (Gong county is a favourite candidate). In later life, he considered himself to belong to the capital city of Chang'an, ancestral hometown of the Du family.[6]Du Fu's mother died shortly after he was born, and he was partially raised by his aunt. He had an elder brother, who died young. He also had three half brothers and one half sister, to whom he frequently refers in his poems, although he never mentions his stepmother.[6]The son of a minor scholar-official, his youth was spent on the standard education of a future civil servant: study and memorisation of the Confucian classics of philosophy, history and poetry. He later claimed to have produced creditable poems by his early teens, but these have been lost.[7]
두보; Han Philosopher
Just as jew-biblical account of Adam and Eve procreating to generations of evil corrupt misfits requiring genocide by flooding save the Noah and his three sons ruling the world
Is told in abridged Chinese Version of A flood leaving a brother and sister who commits incest to populate China.
Then jew-biblical account of Moses receiving tablets of ten commendments from G-d;
Chinese version mentions Turtle (aka dragon) that gave the brother ( given flood only left a brother and a sister as sole survivors) Eight element triagram-map.
Fu Xi is said to have lived for 197 years altogether and died at a place called Chen (modernHuaiyang, Henan), where a monument to him can still be found and visited as a tourist attraction.[1]
Fu Xi taught his subjects to cook, to fish with nets, and to hunt with weapons made of iron. He instituted marriage and offered the first open-air sacrifices to heaven. A stone tablet, dated 160 CE, shows Fu Xi with Nüwa.Traditionally, Fu Xi is considered the originator of the I Ching (also known as the Yi Jing or Zhou Yi), which work is attributed to his reading of the He Map (or the Yellow River Map). According to this tradition, Fu Xi had the arrangement of the trigrams (八卦 bāgùa) of the I Ching revealed to him supernaturally. This arrangement precedes the compilation of the I Ching during the Zhou dynasty. He is said to have discovered the arrangement in markings on the back of a mythicaldragon horse (sometimes said to be a turtle) that emerged from the Luo River. This discovery is said to have been the origin of calligraphy. Fu Xi is also credited with the invention of the Guqinmusical instrument, though credit for this is also given to Shennong and Huangdi.
The eight symbols of Chinese Trigrams were on Korean flag before Jap alteration led to modern day modification of original pre1910 Korean Flag.
The bagua (Chinese: 八卦; literally "eight symbols") are eight trigrams used in Taoist cosmologyto represent the fundamental principles of reality, seen as a range of eight interrelated concepts. Each consists of three lines, each line either "broken" or "unbroken," representing yin or yang, respectively. Due to their tripartite structure, they are often referred to as "trigrams" in English.The trigrams are related to taiji philosophy, taijiquan and the wu xing, or "five elements".[1] The relationships between the trigrams are represented in two arrangements, the Primordial (先天八卦), "Earlier Heaven"[2] or "Fuxi" bagua (伏羲八卦), and the Manifested (後天八卦), "Later Heaven,"[2] or "King Wen" bagua. The trigrams have correspondences in astronomy, astrology,geography, geomancy, anatomy, the family, and elsewhere.[3][4]The ancient Chinese classic I Ching consists of the 64 possible pairs of trigrams (called "hexagrams") and commentary on them.八卦 Bāguà—The eight trigrams乾 Qián☰兌 Duì☱離 Lí☲震 Zhèn☳巽 Xùn☴坎 Kǎn☵艮 Gèn☶坤 Kūn☷Heaven/SkyLake/MarshFireThunderWindWaterMountainEarth天 Tiān澤(泽) Zé火 Huǒ雷 Léi風(风) Fēng水 Shuǐ山 Shān地 Dì
Chinese version differs from Jew-bible version; instead of Adam and Eve leading to generations of evil making it necessary for Noah's Flooding of Genocidal catastrophe sparing three sons to reign over Africa/ Asia /Europe; Chinese combined the flooding of earth that spared a brother and his sister whom commits incest in populating China.
In Chinese mythology, Fu Xi (Fuxi) or Fu Hsi (Fu-hsi) (Chinese: 伏羲; pinyin: Fúxī; Wade–Giles: Fu2-hsi1), also known as Paoxi or Pao-hsi (simplified Chinese: 庖牺; traditional Chinese: 庖犧;pinyin: Páoxī; Wade–Giles: Pao2-hsi1), reigned during the mid-29th century BCE. He was the first of the Three Sovereigns (三皇 Sānhuáng) of ancient China and is a culture hero reputed to be the inventor of writing, fishing, and trapping. However, Cangjie is also said to have invented writing.
Early lifeEdit
Fu Xi was born on the lower-middle reaches of the Yellow River in a place called Chengji (possibly modern Lantian, Shaanxi province or Tianshui, Gansu province).[1]
Creation legendEdit
According to legend, the land was swept by a great flood and only Fu Xi and his sister Nüwasurvived. They retired to the mythological Kunlun Mountain, where they prayed for a sign from the Emperor of Heaven. The divine being approved their union and the siblings set about procreating the human race. In order to speed up the process, Fu Xi and Nüwa used clay to create human figures, and with the power divine entrusted to them made the clay figures come alive.[1] Fu Xi then came to rule over his descendants, although reports of his long reign vary between sources, from 115 years (2852–2737 BCE) to 116 years (2952–2836 BCE).
Lie Yukou was born in the State of Zheng, near today's Zhengzhou, Henan Province.There is little historical evidence of Lie Yukou as a Hundred Schools of Thought philosopher during the Warring States period. This could be due to the burning of books and burying of scholars which occurred during the reign of Qin Shi Huang. However, some scholars believe that the Zhuangzi invented him as a Daoist exemplar. Frederic H. Balfour, who translated several Daoist texts, called Liezi "a philosopher who never lived" (1887:?) Lionel Giles expresses doubt in his Introduction:Very little is known of our author beyond what he tells us himself. His full name was Lieh Yü-k'ou, and it appears that he was living in the Chêng State not long before the year 398 BC, when the Prime Minister Tzu Yang was killed in a revolution. He figures prominently in the pages ofChuang Tzu, from whom we learn that he could 'ride upon the wind'. On the insufficient ground that he is not mentioned by the historian Ssu-ma Ch'ien, a certain critic of the Sung dynastywas led to declare that Lieh Tzu was only a fictitious personage invented by Chuang Tzu, and that the treatise which passes under his name was a forgery of later times. This theory is rejected by the compilers of the great Catalogue of Ch'ien Lung's Library, who represent the cream of Chinese scholarship in the eighteenth century.
Huang Chao headed toward Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian) and had his general Meng Kai (孟楷) attack Fengguo's capital Cai Prefecture. The military governor of Fengguo, Qin Zongquan, was defeated by Meng, and reacted by opening the city gates, submitting to Huang, and joining Huang's forces. Meng, after defeating Qin, attacked Chen Prefecture (陳州, in modern Zhoukou, Henan), but was surprised by a counterattack by Zhao Chou the prefect of Chen Prefecture and killed in battle. Angered by Meng's death, Huang led his and Qin's forces and put Chen Prefecture under siege, but could not capture it despite a nearly 300-day siege. With his army low on food supplies, he allowed them to roam the nearby countryside, seizing humans and using them for food.[15]Meanwhile, in spring 884, fearing that they would become Huang's next target, Zhou Ji, Shi Puthe military governor of Ganhua Circuit, and Zhu Wen (whose name had been changed to Zhu Quanzhong by that point and who was the Tang military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan), jointly sought aid from Li Keyong, who had been made the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). Li Keyong thus headed south to aid them. After Li Keyong joined forces with forces sent by Zhou, Zhu, Shi, and Qi Kerang, they attacked and defeated Shang Rang at Taikang (太康, in modern Zhoukou) and Huang Siye at Xihua (西華, in modern Zhoukou as well). Huang Chao, in fear, lifted the siege on Chen and withdrew. With his encampments being destroyed in a flood, Huang Chao decided to head toward Xuanwu's capital Bian Prefecture. While Zhu was able to repel Huang's initial attacks, he sought emergency aid from Li Keyong. Li Keyong, catching Huang about to cross the Yellow River north, launched an attack at Wangman Crossing (王滿渡, in modernZhengzhou, Henan) and crushed his army. Shang surrendered to Shi, while a large number of other generals surrendered to Zhu. Li Keyong gave chase, and Huang fled to the east. During the chase, Huang's youngest son was captured by Li Keyong. Li Keyong's army became worn out during the chase, however, and he broke off the chase and returned to Bian Prefecture.[15]Huang headed toward Taining's capital Yan Prefecture. Shi Pu's officer Li Shiyue (李師悅), along with Shang, engaged Huang at Yan Prefecture and defeated him, annihilating nearly the remainder of his army, and he fled into Langhu Valley (狼虎谷, in modern Laiwu, Shandong). On July 13, 884,[2] Huang's nephew Lin Yan (林言) killed Huang, his brothers, his wife, and his children, and took their heads to prepare to surrender to Shi. On his way to Shi's camp, however, he encountered Shatuo and Boye Army irregulars, who killed him as well and took the heads to present to Shi.[15] (However, according to an alternative account in the New Book of Tang, Huang, believing that it was the only way that any of his army could be saved, committed suicide after instructing Lin to surrender with his head.)[6]
Guangzhou's earliest recorded name is Panyu (Chinese: 番禺; Jyutping: Pun1 Jyu4), derived from two nearby mountains known as Pan and Yu in ancient times.[9] Its recorded history begins with China's conquest of the area during the Qin Dynasty. Panyu expanded when it became capital of the Nanyue Kingdom (南越) in 206 BC; the territory of the Nanyue Kingdom included what is now Vietnam.The Han Dynasty annexed the Nanyue Kingdom in 111 BC during the empire's expansion southward, and Panyu became a provincial capital and remains so today. In 226 AD, Panyu became the seat of Guang Prefecture (廣州; Guangzhou / 廣府; Guangfu). While originally referring to the prefecture alone, local citizens gradually adopted the custom of using the same name for their city.[citation needed]Although Guangzhou replaced Panyu as the name of the walled city, Panyu was still the name of the surrounding area until the end of Qing Dynasty.[citation needed] Today, Panyu is a district of Guangzhou south of Haizhu District separated from the rest of the city by the Pearl River.The Old Book of Tang (simplified Chinese: 唐书) described Guangzhou as important port in the south of China.[10] In that period, direct routes connected the Middle East and China. A Chinese prisoner, who was captured in the Battle of Talas and stayed in Iraq for twelve years, returned to China by ship on a direct route from Iraq to Guangzhou.[11] Guangzhou was mentioned by various Muslim geographers in the ninth and tenth centuries, such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh,[12]according to a local Guangzhou government report on October 30, 758, corresponding to the day of Guisi (癸巳) of the ninth lunar month in the first year of the Qianyuan era of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty.[13][14][15][16] The Arab historian Abu Zayd as-Sirafi mentioned Guangzhou several times in his book The Journey of as-Sirafi (Arabic: رحلة السيرافي), providing a description of daily life, food, business dealings, and the justice system of the city. As-Sirafi also reports that in 878 followers of the Chinese rebel leader Huang Chao besieged Guangzhou and massacred a large number of foreign merchants residing there. The foreign merchants were Arab Muslims, Persians, Jews and Christians[17][18][19]
The chrysanthemum is one of the "Four Gentlemen" (四君子) of China (the others being theplum blossom, the orchid, and bamboo). The chrysanthemum is said to have been favored byTao Qian, an influential Chinese poet, and is symbolic of nobility. It is also one of the four symbolic seasonal flowers.A chrysanthemum festival is held each year in Tongxiang, near Hangzhou, China.[11]Chrysanthemums are the topic in hundreds of poems of China.[12]The "golden flower" referred to in the 2006 movie Curse of the Golden Flower is a chrysanthemum."Chrysanthemum Gate" (jú huā mén 菊花门), often abbreviated as Chrysanthemum (菊花), is taboo slang meaning "anus" (with sexual connotations).[13]Chrysanthemums were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BC.An ancient Chinese city (Xiaolan Town of Zhongshan City) was named Ju-Xian, meaning "chrysanthemum city".The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival.
In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring.[56] It is a popular flower motif, amongst other flowers, for Korean embroidery.[57] Maebyong are plum vases derived from the Chinese meipingand are traditionally used to hold branches of plum blossoms in Korea.[58][59]
Legend has it that once on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang (壽陽公主), daughter of Emperor Wu of Liu Song (劉宋武帝), was resting under the eaves of Hanzhang Palace near the plum trees after wandering in the gardens, a plum blossom drifted down onto her fair face, leaving a floral imprint on her forehead that enhanced her beauty further.[37][38][39] The court ladies were said to be so impressed that they started decorating their own foreheads with a small delicate plum blossom design.[37][38][40] This is also the mythical origin of the floral fashion,meihua zhuang[38] (梅花妝; literally "plum blossom makeup"), that originated in the Southern Dynasties (420–589) and became popular amongst ladies in the Tang (618–907) and Song(960–1279) dynasties.[40][41] Princess Shouyang is celebrated as the goddess of the plum blossom in Chinese culture.[38][39]During the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), the garden designer Ji Cheng (計成) wrote his definitive garden architecture monograph Yuanye and in it he described the plum tree as the "beautiful woman of the forest and moon".[36] The appreciation of nature at night plays an important role inChinese gardens, for this reason there are classical pavilions for the tradition of viewing plum blossoms by the moonlight.[42] The flowers are viewed and enjoyed by many as annual plum blossom festivals take place in the blooming seasons of the meihua. The festivals take place throughout China (for example, West Lake in Hangzhou and scenic spots near Zijin Mountain inNanjing amongst other places).[43][44] Plum blossoms are often used as decoration during theSpring Festival (Chinese New Year) and remain popular in the miniature gardening plants of the art penjing.[15] Branches of plum blossoms are often arranged in porcelain or ceramic vases, such as the meiping (literally "plum vase").[45][46] These vases can hold single branches of plum blossoms and are traditionally used to display the blossoms in a home since the early Song Dynasty (960–1279).[47][48][49]The Moy Yat lineage of Wing Chun kung fu uses a red plum flower blossom as its symbol. The plum blossoms are featured on one of the four flowers that appear on mahjong tile sets, wheremei (梅) is usually simply translated as "plum" in English.[50]The National Flower of the Republic of China was officially designated as the plum blossom (Prunus Mei; Chinese: 梅花) by the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China on July 21, 1964.[51]The plum blossom is symbol for resilience and perseverance in the face of adversity during the harsh winter.[52][53] The triple grouping of stamens (three stamens per petal) on the national emblem represents Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, while the five petals symbolize the five branches of the government.[51][53]
Song Dynasty meiping and Goryeo Dynasty maebyong pottery designed with Chinese Pkum decor.
An example of the plum blossom's literary significance is found in the life and work of poet Lin Bu(林逋) of the Song Dynasty (960–1279). For much of his later life, Lin Bu lived in quiet reclusion on a cottage by West Lake in Hangzhou, China.[32] According to stories, he loved plum blossoms and cranes so much that he considered the plum blossom of Solitary Hill at West Lake as his wife and the cranes of the lake as his children, thus he could live peacefully in solitude.[33][34] One of his most famous poems is "Little Plum Blossom of Hill Garden" (山園小梅). The original Chinese text as well as a translation follows:[35]
Prunus mume is a common fruit in Asia and used in traditional Chinese medicine.[20][21] It has long been used as a traditional drug and healthy food in East Asian countries.[22] A recent study has indicated that Prunus mume extract is a potential candidate for developing an oral antimicrobial agent to control or prevent dental diseases associated with several oral pathogenic bacteria.[20] Recent studies have also shown that Prunus mume extract may inhibit Helicobacter pylori, associated with gastritis and gastric ulcers.[23][24] Experiments on rats suggest that P. mume extract administered during endurance exercise training may enhance the oxidative capacity of exercising skeletal muscle, and may induce the muscle to prefer fatty acids for its fuel use rather than amino acids or carbohydrates, thus assisting endurance.[25]
The flower is known as the meihua (梅花) in Chinese, which came to be translated as "plum blossom"[14] or sometimes as "flowering plum".[15] The term "winter plum" may be used too, specifically with regard to the depiction of the flower with its early blooming in Chinese painting.
In Chinese it is called méi (梅) and the fruit is called méizi (梅子)
Korean name is maesil (hangul: 매실; hanja: 梅實)
Prunus mume is a deciduous tree that starts to flower in mid-winter, typically around January until late February in East Asia. It can grow to 4–10 metres (13–33 ft) tall.[11] The flowers are 2–2.5 centimetres (0.79–0.98 in) in diameter and have a strong fragrant scent.
[11] They have colors in varying shades of white, pink, and red.[12] The leaves appear shortly after the petals fall, are oval-shaped with a pointed tip, and are 4–8 cm long and 2.5–5 cm wide.[11] The fruit ripens in early summer, around June and July in East Asia, and coincides with the rainy season of East Asia, the meiyu (梅雨, literally "plum rain").[13] The drupe is 2–3 centimetres (0.79–1.2 in) in diameter with a groove running from the stalk to the tip.[11] The skin turns yellow, sometimes with a red blush, as it ripens, and the flesh becomes yellow. The tree is cultivated for its fruit andflowers.[2]
Prunus mume originated in the south of mainland China[9] around the Yangtze River[10]
Prunus mume is an Asian tree species classified in the Armeniaca section of the genus Prunussubgenus Prunus. Its common names include Chinese plum;
Korean Royalty's favorite Plumeria can also be that of "Prunus Mume- nicknamed
"CHINESE PLUM" as official Korean Seal and Korean National flower before 1910!
A Ming Dynasty red lacquerware dish with carved chrysanthemums and dragons.
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum [or Tanacetum] cinerariaefolium) is economically important as a natural source of insecticide. The flowers are pulverized, and the active components, calledpyrethrins, which occur in the achenes, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. In sublethal doses they have an insect repellent effect. They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides. They are not persistent, being biodegradable, and also decompose easily on exposure to light. Pyrethroids such as permethrin are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum.
Environmental uses
Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce indoor air pollution by the NASA Clean Air Study.[6]
China, Japan and Korea, white chrysanthemums are symbolic of lamentation and/or grief.
Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers of the species C. morifolium are boiled to make a sweet drink in some parts of Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as chrysanthemum tea(菊花茶, pinyin: júhuā chá, in Chinese).
In Korea, a rice wine flavored with chrysanthemum flowers is called gukhwaju (국화주).
Chrysanthemums, native floral of China, was first used by Manchu-Jurechen Korean
Royalty as its Official Korean Seal before Japs started using it as Jap's official seal design.
Chrysanthemums were first cultivated in China as a flowering herb as far back as the 15th century BC.[4] Over 500 cultivars had been recorded by the year 1630.[3] The plant is renowned as one of the Four Gentlemen in Chinese and East Asian art. The plant is particularly significant during the Double Ninth Festival. The flower may have been brought to Japan in the eighth century AD[citation needed], and the Emperor adopted the flower as his official seal. The "Festival of Happiness" in Japan celebrates the flower.
Chrysanthemums, sometimes called mums or chrysanths, are flowering plants of the genusChrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. They are native to Asia and northeastern Europe. Most species originate from East Asia and the center of diversity is in China.[1] There are about 40 valid species.[1] There are countless horticultural varieties and cultivars.
红鸡蛋花，Plumeria rubra Linn
红鸡蛋花; Plumeria of China.
, in Telugu"Deva ganneru" (divine nerium), in Manipuri "Khagi Layhaaw" . In Hawaii, the name is "melia" although common usage among all residents is still "plumeria". In Sri Lanka, it is referred to asaraliya and (in English) as the Temple Tree. In Cantonese it is known as, 'gaai daan fa' or the 'egg yolk flower' tree. The name 'Leelawadee' (originating from Thai)[4][5] is found occasionally. In Indonesia, where the flower has been commonly associated with Balinese culture, it is known as "Kamboja".
From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming Dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty.[8] He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui andManchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[9] By October, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing Dynasty.[10] The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy",[11] made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[12] and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.[13]In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[14] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.[14]After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming Dynasty and 10 of the Qing Dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,[15] until he was evicted after a coup in 1924.[16] The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925.[17] In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysanthemum
Note that official flower of Manchu-Korea was
Chrysanthemum.
Use of Plumeria and Chrysanthemum was interchangeable
Before 1910s in Manchu-Jurechen Korea.
It is after Japs altered Korean heritage/ Korean original writings were altered and Manchu Semetic writing were abolished that Korean national
Flower was changed out of desperation.
Even Korean flag and Korean National Anthem
Had been modified due to Jap oppression in Korea.
Forbidden City.[18] Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II,[19] but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders by Chiang Kai-shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when it again became public, as the core of theNational Palace Museum in Taipei.[20]
It is important to note that with Manchu-Jurechen Korean reign of Beijing's Forbidden City Palace; Coexisting Harmony Motto replaced Supremacy of past dictators; and it is stated the bilingual Manchu Sematic Writings accompanied Old Chinese-Han Characters were encouraged. 1910-1953 destruction of Manchu-Korea that Japs altered Korean Writings among many war crimes against the Chinese and Koreans; studying Manchu writing and Old Han Chinese will give insight into original Korean writings distorted by Japs.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_capitals_of_China
Beijing, Northern Capital, was reigned by Manchu-Jurechen Koreans
Who preached "Harmony" instead of "Supremacy"; as Ming Dynasty aided by Manchu
Regained Beijing's Forbidden City Palace.
From 1420 to 1644, the Forbidden City was the seat of the Ming Dynasty. In April 1644, it was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, who proclaimed himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty.[8] He soon fled before the combined armies of former Ming general Wu Sangui andManchu forces, setting fire to parts of the Forbidden City in the process.[9]
By October1644, the Manchus had achieved supremacy in northern China, and a ceremony was held at the Forbidden City to proclaim the young Shunzhi Emperor as ruler of all China under the Qing Dynasty.[10]
The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise "Harmony" rather than "Supremacy",[11]
made the name plates bilingual (Chinese and Manchu),[12] and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.[13]In 1860, during the Second Opium War, Anglo-French forces took control of the Forbidden City and occupied it until the end of the war.[14] In 1900 Empress Dowager Cixi fled from the Forbidden City during the Boxer Rebellion, leaving it to be occupied by forces of the treaty powers until the following year.[14]After being the home of 24 emperors – 14 of the Ming Dynasty and 10 of the Qing Dynasty – the Forbidden City ceased being the political centre of China in 1912 with the abdication of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. Under an agreement with the new Republic of China government, Puyi remained in the Inner Court, while the Outer Court was given over to public use,[15] until he was evicted after a coup in 1924.[16] The Palace Museum was then established in the Forbidden City in 1925.[17] In 1933, the Japanese invasion of China forced the evacuation of the national treasures in the Forbidden City.[18] Part of the collection was returned at the end of World War II,[19] but the other part was evacuated to Taiwan in 1948 under orders by Chiang Kai-shek, whose Kuomintang was losing the Chinese Civil War. This relatively small but high quality collection was kept in storage until 1965, when it again became public, as the core of theNational Palace Museum in Taipei.[20]
The Chinese phrase Four Great Ancient Capitals of China (simplified Chinese: 中国四大古都;traditional Chinese: 中國四大古都; pinyin: Zhōngguó Sì Dà Gǔdū) traditionally refers to ;
1.Beijing(the current capital of the People's Republic),; Pak/Baek ancestry roots.
12th Century Chinese failed attempts to attack Korea led to Jurechen-Manchu-Koreans
taking control of Northern Capital of Beijing.
2.Nanjing( Southern capital)
,
3.Luoyang, and
4.Chang'an (Xi'an).Due to additional evidence discovered since the 1930s, other historical capitals have been included in the list.
The later phrase Seven Ancient Capitals of China includes;
5. Kaifeng (added in the 1920s as the fifth ancient capital),
6. Hangzhou (the sixth, added in the 1930s), and
7.Anyang (a proposal by numerous archaeologists in 1988, after which it finally became the seventh ancient capital).
In 2004, the China Ancient Capital Society officially added
8. Zhengzhou as an eighth due to archaeological finds from the early Shang Dynasty there.
The name "Kaifeng" first appeared as the area's name after the Qin Dynasty's conquest of China in the 2nd century BC and literally means "expand the borders".[1]
King Zhao of Zhou (Chinese: 周昭王; pinyin: Zhōu Zhāo Wáng) or King Chao of Chou was the fourth king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty.[1] The dates of his reign are 995-977 BC or 977/75-957.[2]Zhao’s reign occurred at a point when the Zhou Dynasty had expanded across the central plains of China and turned its attention to South China. Zhao was killed and his campaigning army was wiped out south of the Han River, establishing the limit of direct control of the south during the Western Zhou Dynasty.According to the traditional, moralistic rendition of Zhao’s life, he loved pleasure and disregardedpolitics. As a result, the Zhou Dynasty began to falter under his inept rule. Zhao especially liked rare plants and animals, and decided to go on a trip to the State of Chu, after an emissary claimed that Chu had caught a rare bird. After crossing the Han River, King Zhao realized that this was a trick. After several inconclusive battles with Chu forces, he began to retreat, looting and raiding the countryside as he went. Whilst on a boat on the Han River, the boat sprung a leak and King Zhao drowned.He was succeeded by his son, King Mu of Zhou.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Dynasty
Chin/QiN dynasty of 221B.C. to 206B.C.
That leads to Han Dynasty
Which is replaced by Three Kingdom era.
The founder of Han Dynasty of Old China, Chu,
Was a descendent of the Yellow Emperor of China.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty
QinG dynasty refers to Manchu-Jurechen Koreans
Era ending with 1910 Jap invasion of Korea-Manchu territories.
Cantonese(uncountable) A Chinese language mainly spoken in the south-eastern part of Mainland China,Guangdong (Canton), Hong Kong, Macau, by the Chinese minorities in Southeast Asia and by many overseas Chinese worldwide.(uncountable) A dialect of the Cantonese language, spoken in Guangzhou (Canton), Hong Kong, Macau, and treated as the standard dialect of the Cantonese language
Synonyms
(language): Yue Chinese / Yue , Cantonese language , Cantonese dialect(dialect): Cantonese dialect , Cantonese language
Hyponyms
(language):Cantonese / Cantonese dialect (the dialect of Cantonese language treated as standard)Hoisanese / Toisanese / Taishanese (the dialect spoken in the Greater Hoi San area, with subdialects)Hong Kong Cantonese (the dialect spoken in Hong Kong and Macau)
By 1817, the British decided that counter-trading in a narcotic drug, Indian opium, was a way to reduce the trade deficit and to turn the Indian colony profitable. The Qing Administration originally tolerated opium importation, because it created an indirect tax on Chinese subjects, while allowing the British to double tea exports from China to England—which profited the monopoly for tea exports of the Qing imperial treasury and its agents.[11]Opium was produced in traditionally cotton-growing regions of India under British East India Company monopoly (Bengal) and in the Princely states (Malwa) outside the company's control. Both areas had been hard hit by the introduction of factory-produced cotton cloth, which used cotton grown in Egypt. The opium was sold on the condition that it be shipped by British traders to China. Opium as a medicinal ingredient was documented in texts as early as the Tang dynastybut its recreational use was limited and there were laws in place against its abuse.But opium became prevalent with the mass quantities introduced by the British (motivated, as noted above, by the equalisation of trade). British sales of opium in large amounts began in 1781[verification needed] and between 1821 and 1837 sales increased fivefold. East India Company ships brought their cargoes to islands off the coast, especially Lintin Island, where Chinese traders with fast and well-armed small boats took the goods for inland distribution.[12]However, by 1820 the planting of tea in the Indian and African colonies along with accelerated opium consumption reversed the flow of silver, just when the Imperial Treasury needed to finance suppression of rebellions against the Qing. The Qing government attempted to end the opium trade, but its efforts were complicated by local officials (including the Viceroy of Canton), who profited greatly from the bribes and taxes.[12]A turning point came in 1834. Free trade reformers in England succeeded in ending the monopoly of the British East India Company, leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. Americans introduced opium from Turkey, which was of lower quality but cheaper. Competition drove down the price of opium and increased sales.[13]In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor appointed Lin Zexu Governor of Canton, with the goal of reducing and eliminating the opium trade. On his arrival, Lin Zexu banned the sale of opium, demanded that all opium be surrendered to the Chinese authorities, and required that all foreign traders sign a 'no opium trade' bond, the breaking of which was punishable by death. Lin also closed the channel to Canton, effectively holding British traders hostage in Canton.[13]The British Superintendent of Trade in China, Charles Elliot, got the British traders to agree to hand over their opium stock with the promise of eventual compensation for their loss from the British government.[13] (This promise, and the inability of the British government to pay it without causing a political storm, was an important cause for the subsequent British offensive).[14]Overall 20,000 chests[15] (each holding about 55 kg[16]) were handed over and destroyed beginning 3 June 1839.[17] Following the collection and destruction of the opium, Lin Zexu wrote an official memorial (折奏/摺奏)[18] to Queen Victoria in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the trade of opium, as it had poisoned thousands of Chinese civilians (the memorial never reached the Queen).
Nüwa; female "snail goddess" / female lesson.
女媧
The Yellow Emperor or Huangdi, formerly Chinese romanized as Huang-ti and Hwang-ti, is one of the legendary Chinese sovereigns and culture heroes[3][4] included among the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors.[5] Tradition holds that Huangdi reigned from 2697 to 2597[6] or 2698 to 2598 BC.[1] Huangdi's cult was particularly prominent in the late Warring States and early Han period, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, a cosmic ruler, and a patron of esoteric arts. Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations,[7] the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator of Chinese civilization,[8] and said to be the ancestor of all Huaxia Chinese.[9]
공 (gong)(公): public affairs / number nine; 9, Gooh/ zero/ male Peacock/ work
손; grandson; hand; visitor.
2698–2598 BC[First known Emperor of China; Yellow Emperor]
黃帝
Yellow
황; Hwahng; Yellow or Unsuitable
제 (je, hanja 第); First in order, Ruler, stems from humble; "me".
The 'Ba' (bꜣ); Egyptian phoenix-crane with-human head; was everything that makes an individual unique, similar to the notion of 'personality'. (In this sense, inanimate objects could also have a 'Ba', a unique character, and indeed Old Kingdom pyramids often were called the 'Ba' of their owner). The 'Ba' is an aspect of a person that the Egyptians believed would live after the body died, and it is sometimes depicted as a human-headed bird flying out of the tomb to join with the 'Ka' in the afterlife.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Emperor
봉황
鳳凰
Phoenix; from Egyptians depicting Cranes with supreme power
Evolved into Phoenix.
Crane with supreme power; aka Egyptian Phoenix;
Represented "Ghost-Soul" of the
Deceased body haunting the living.
Fenghuang (Chinese: 鳳凰; pinyin: fènghuáng) are mythological birds of East Asia that reign over all other birds. The males are called feng and the females huang. In modern times, however, such a distinction of gender is often no longer made and they are blurred into a single feminine entity so that the bird can be paired with the Chinese dragon, which is deemed male.The fenghuang is also called the "August Rooster" (Chinese: 鶤雞; pinyin: kūnjī) since it sometimes takes the place of the Rooster in the Chinese zodiac[citation needed]. In the West, it is commonly referred to as the Chinese phoenix or simply Phoenix. Fenghuang Ancient City is an ancient community in Hunan Province.
the Korean word for dragon is "ryong" (hangul:용) (hanja:龍).
The qilin, kirin, or kylin is a mythical hooved chimerical creature known throughout various East Asian cultures, said to appear with the imminent arrival or passing of a sage or illustrious ruler.[1]It is a good omen thought to occasion prosperity or serenity (Chinese: 瑞, p ruì).[citation needed] It is often depicted with what looks like fire all over its body. It is sometimes called the "Chinese unicorn" when compared with the Western unicorn.
OriginsEdit
The earliest references to the qilin are in the 5th century BC Zuo Zhuan.[2][3] The qilin made appearances in a variety of subsequent Chinese works of history and fiction, such as Feng Shen Bang. Emperor Wu of Han apparently captured a live qilin in 122 BC, although Sima Qian was skeptical of this.[4]Qilin have not always been described as vegetarian, though they tend to be depicted that way currently. This influence started when a religion from India known as Buddhism began to sweep over the Chinese Empire. Before it became a more Buddhist-like gentle god, it was often depicted more Taoist-like, and as both religions in China eventually began to merge, these ideals also merged in the Qilin.In legend, the Qilin became tiger-like after their disappearance in real life and become a stylized representation of the giraffe in Ming Dynasty.[5][6] The identification of the Qilin with giraffes began after Zheng He's voyage to East Africa (landing, among other places, in modern-daySomalia). The Ming Dynasty bought giraffes from the Somali merchants along with zebras, incense, and other various exotic animals.[7] Zheng He's fleet brought back two giraffes toNanjing, and they were referred to as "qilins".[8] The Emperor proclaimed the giraffes magical creatures, whose capture signaled the greatness of his power.The identification between the
Qilin and the giraffe is supported by some attributes of the Qilin, including its vegetarian and quiet nature. Its reputed ability to "walk on grass without disturbing it" may be related to the giraffe's long, thin legs. Also the Qilin is described as having antlers like a deer and scales like a dragon or fish; since the giraffe has horn-like "ossicones" on its head and a tessellated coat pattern that looks like scales it is easy to draw an analogy between the two creatures. The identification of Qilin with giraffes has had lasting influence: even today, the same word is used for the mythical animal and the giraffe in both Korean and Japanese.
기린; african giraffe encountered by Ming Dynasty's voyage to Somalia;
Korean telling Ming+ Qing Dynasty tells of Somalia, African voyage
Revealing giraffes.
YET, THE rarity of giraffe in the East made combination of sacred Siberian Tigers
Mixed with tales of African giraffe to result in Ancient statues that looked like dragons and/or Lions.
In legend, the Qilin became tiger-like after their disappearance in real life and become a stylized representation of the giraffe in Ming Dynasty.[5][6] The identification of the Qilin with giraffes began after Zheng He's voyage to East Africa (landing, among other places, in modern-daySomalia). The Ming Dynasty bought giraffes from the Somali merchants along with zebras, incense, and other various exotic animals.[7] Zheng He's fleet brought back two giraffes toNanjing, and they were referred to as "qilins".[8] The Emperor proclaimed the giraffes magical creatures, whose capture signaled the greatness of his power.The identification between the Qilin and the giraffe is supported by some attributes of the Qilin, including its vegetarian and quiet nature. Its reputed ability to "walk on grass without disturbing it" may be related to the giraffe's long, thin legs. Also the Qilin is described as having antlers like a deer and scales like a dragon or fish; since the giraffe has horn-like "ossicones" on its head and a tessellated coat pattern that looks like scales it is easy to draw an analogy between the two creatures. The identification of Qilin with giraffes has had lasting influence: even today, the same word is used for the mythical animal and the giraffe in both Korean and Japanese.
........
Although located at the same latitude as Ketchikan on North America’s west coast or Moscow in Europe, the influence of the Labrador Current gives Nain a marginal subarctic climate that is very close to a polar climate (ET), which creates the southernmost tree line in the northern hemisphere on the adjacent coast. The southernmost tundra is actually still in a zone ofdiscontinuous permafrost rather than the much more typical continuous zone.[6] The almost constant presence of the Icelandic Low means that precipitation, both as rain and snow, is exceptionally heavy for so consistently cold a climate in a low-lying area, with five metres of snow falling each winter and not melting until July. The actual depth of snow on the ground averages 1.13 metres (44 in) at the end of March.
On December 1, 2005, Nain became the administrative capital of the autonomous region ofNunatsiavut which is the name chosen by the Labrador Inuit when the Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement Act was successfully ratified by the Canadian Government and the Inuit of Labrador. Hopedale, further south, is the legislative capital.[3] The land claim cedes limited self-rule for the Nunatsiavut government in Northern Labrador and North-Eastern Quebec, granting title and aboriginal rights.[3] The land that composes the Nunatsiavut government is called the Labrador Inuit Settlement Area, or LISA, which amount to approximately 72,500 km2(28,000miles2).[4] The Inuit of Labrador do not own this land per se, but they do have special rights related to traditional land use as aboriginals. That said, the Labrador Inuit will own 15,000 km2 (6,100miles2) within the Settlement Area, officially designated as Labrador Inuit Lands. The Agreement also provides for the establishment of the Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve, consisting of about 9,600 square kilometres (3,700 sq mi) of land within LISA.[4][5]Nunatsiavut is not to be confused with the Nunavut territory.Many Inuit from Hebron were relocated to Nain by the provincial government after the Moravianmission at Hebron was closed under government pressure in 1959.
Mixed Asian Innuit and Euro-Inuits are native of Eastern Canadian border of Quebec Artic and Greenland. THE "NAINA" TRIBE OF Inuits.
Nain or Naina (Inuit: Nunajnguk)[2] is the northernmost town of any significant size in theCanadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, located about 370 kilometres by air fromHappy Valley-Goose Bay. The town was established as a Moravian mission in 1771 by Jens Haven and other missionaries. The current population is 1,034, predominantly Inuit and mixed Inuit-European.
Shamanism- that jews pegged as Pagonism to degrade nonjews.
( A lot of Jew rituals of sacrifice- the jew kosher diet guidelines-
the Jew usage of amlets like eye on the palm of hand ; Putting aside
Biblical writings, jews of all religions mirror Innuit Shamanism to its exact
Origin! Just as Innuits with oriental slanted eye features best represent
Manchu-Korean ancestry since the ancient times; similarly, the Innuit coexistance of 'taller'
Greenland-viking-influenced Thulen-Dolen Eskimos best describe Caucasian
Ancestry since the ancient times.
Other African-Spanish-Middle eastern-Native Indian tribes
Have seperate ancestry much different
Siberian eskimos- Alaskan-Canadian Innuits - Greenland-Viking Dolen eskimos.
Many Eskimo cultures had persons acting as mediator (between human and beings of the belief system, among others) — usually termed as "shamans" in the literature. As Eskimo cultures were far from homogeneity (although had some similarities), thus also shamanism among Eskimo peoples had many variants.Siberian Yupiks had shamans as well.[7][8] Compared to the variants found among Eskimo groups of America, shamanism among Siberian Yupiks stressed more the importance of maintaining good relationship with sea animals.[9] Ungazighmiit people (the largest of Siberian Yupik variants) had /aˈliɣnalʁi/s, who received presents for the shamanizing, healing. This payment had a special name, /aˈkiliːɕaq/ — in their language, there were many words for the different kinds of presents and payments and this was one of them.[10] (The many kinds of presents and the words designating them were related to the culture: fests, marriage etc.;[10] or made such fine distinctions like "thing, given to someone who has none", "thing, given, not begged for", "thing, given to someone as to anybody else", "thing, given for exchange" etc.[11]).
Name-giving
Similarly to several other Eskimo cultures, the name-giving of a newborn baby among Siberian Yupik meant that a deceased person was affected, a certain rebirth was believed. Even before the birth of the baby, careful investigations took place: dreams, events were analyzed. After the birth, the baby's physical traits were compared to those of the deceased person. The name was important: if the baby died, it was thought that he/she has not given the "right" name. In case of sickness, it was hoped that giving additional names could result in healing.[12]
Amulets
Amulets could be manifested in many forms, and could protect the person wearing them or the entire family, and there were also hunting amulets. Some examples:a head of raven hanging on the entrance of the house, functioning as a familiar amulet;[13]figures carved out of stone in shape of walrus head or dog head, worn as individual amulets;[14]hunting amulets were attached to something or worn.[13] About the effige of orca on the tools of the marine hunter,[8] see the beliefs concerning this peculiar marine mammal below.
Concepts about the animal world around them
The orca, wolf,[8][15][16] raven, spider,[17] whale,[18][19] were revered animals. Also folklore (e.g. tale) examples demonstrate this. For example, a spider saves the life of a girl.[17][20] The motif of spider as a benevolent personage, saving people from peril with its cobweb, lifting them up to the sky in danger, is present also in many tales of Sireniki Eskimos[21] (as mentioned, their exact classification inside Eskimo peoples is not settled yet).It was thought that the prey of the marine hunt could return to the sea and become a complete animal again. That is why they did not break the bones, only cut them at the joints.[22]
Orca and wolf
In the tales and beliefs of this people, wolf and orca are thought to be identical: orca can become a wolf or vice versa. In winter, they appear in the form of wolf, in summer, in the form oforca.[8][9][15][16] Orca was believed to help people in hunting on the sea — thus the boat represented the image of this animal, and the orca's wooden representation hang also from the hunter's belt.[8] Also small sacrifices could be given to orcas: tobacco was thrown into the sea for them, because they were thought to help the sea hunter in driving walrus.[23] It was believed that the orca was a help of the hunters even if it was in the guise of wolf: this wolf was thought to force the reindeer to allow itself to be killed by the hunters.
At the beginning of the 20th century, speakers of Sireniki Eskimo language inhabited settlements Sireniki, Imtuk, and some small villages stretching to the west from Sireniki along south-eastern coasts of Chukchi Peninsula.[1] As early as in 1895, Imtuk was already a settlement with mixed population, Sireniki Eskimos and Ungazigmit[3] (the latter belonging to Siberian Yupik).
The Chukchi Peninsula, Chukotka Peninsula or Chukotski Peninsula (Russian: Чуко́тский полуо́стров, Russian: Чуко́тка), at about 66° N 172° W, is the northeastern extremity of Asia. Its eastern end is at Cape Dezhnev near the village of Uelen. It is bordered by the Chukchi Sea to the north, the Bering Sea to the south, and the Bering Strait to the east. The peninsula is part ofChukotka Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The estimated population of the region in 1990 was 155,000.[1]The peninsula was traditionally the home of the native Chukchi people, some Eskimo peoples (Siberian Yupiks and Sireniki Eskimos), Koryaks, Chuvans, Evens/Lamuts, Yukagirs, and some Russian settlers.The peninsula lies along the Northern Sea Route (the Northeast passage).Industries on the peninsula are mining (tin, lead, zinc, gold, and coal), hunting and trapping,reindeer raising, and fishing. See also Providence Bay, Siberia.
Sirenik or Sireniki Eskimos are former speakers of a very peculiar Eskimo language in Siberia, before they underwent a language shift rendering it extinct. The peculiarities of this language among Eskimo languages amount to the extent that it is proposed by some to classify it as a standalone third branch of Eskimo languages (alongside Inuit and Yupik). The total language death of this peculiar remnant means that now the cultural identity of Sireniki Eskimos is maintained through other aspects: slight dialectical difference in the adopted Siberian Yupiklanguage;[1] sense of place,[2] including appreciation of the antiquity of their settlement Sireniki.[1]
Chukchi Peninsula in the Russian Far East, St. Lawrence Island in Alaska Russia1,200-1,500 USA1,100LanguagesCentral Siberian Yupik languageRelated ethnic groupsAlutiiq, Central Alaskan Yup'ikSiberian Yupiks, or Yuits, are indigenous people who reside along the coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in the far northeast of the Russian Federation and on St. Lawrence Island in Alaska. They speak Central Siberian Yupik (also known as Yuit), a Yupik language of the Eskimo–Aleutfamily of languages.They were also known as Siberian Eskimo or Yupiks. The name Yuit (Юит, plural: Юиты) was officially assigned to them in 1931, at the brief time of the campaign of support of indigenous cultures in the Soviet Union.Sireniki Eskimos also live in that area, but their extinct language, Sireniki Eskimo, shows many peculiarities among Eskimo languages and is mutually unintelligible with the neighboring Siberian Yupik languages.[2]
Siberian yupik Eskimos of Eastern Russian territory are linked to Russian territory of Alaska adjacent to North American Canadian Innuits with Manchu-Korean slanted asian features.
Also explains many Siberian and Eskimo Innuits of Canada influenced Korean culture for generations;
-Siberian tigers and Siberian Cranes are favored by Koreans for generations.
-Shaman practices emphasizing coexistance with nature and value on animal
Symbolic values like stories of Bear (Russian bear or Ijuit Polar Bear of Quebec Artics)
Hibernating in a cave eating garlic to gain human form.
-Diet of edible seaweed and handcraftsmanship of basket weaving, fishing, and family
Cohesiveness of Koreans mirror the Innuits.
Korean buddhist mixed with Shaman practices to ward off evil originated from innuits.
Korean Shamanism derived from Eastern Russian territory bridging Russian territory Alaska ofcNorth American Canadian Greenland Innuits to influence Russian-Manchu-Koreans;
KOREAN TALES OF Korean ancestry depicting a bear hibernating in a cave eating garlic to gain human form mirrors the animist-nature-animal Shamanism that Jews coined as paganism to further devalue/enslave nonjews.
The Inuit practiced a form of shamanism based on animist principles. They believed that all things had a form of spirit, including humans, and that to some extent these spirits could be influenced by a pantheon of supernatural entities that could be appeased when one required some animal or inanimate thing to act in a certain way. The angakkuq of a community of Inuit was not the leader, but rather a sort of healer and psychotherapist, who tended wounds and offered advice, as well as invoking the spirits to assist people in their lives. His or her role was to see, interpret and exhort the subtle and unseen. Angakkuit were not trained; they were held to be born with the ability and recognized by the community as they approached adulthood.Inuit religion was closely tied to a system of rituals integrated into the daily life of the people. These rituals were simple but held to be necessary. According to a customary Inuit saying,The great peril of our existence lies in the fact that our diet consists entirely of souls.By believing that all things, including animals, have souls like those of humans, any hunt that failed to show appropriate respect and customary supplication would only give the liberated spirits cause to avenge themselves.The harshness and unpredictability of life in the Arctic ensured that Inuit lived with concern for the uncontrollable, where a streak of bad luck could destroy an entire community. To offend a spirit was to risk its interference with an already marginal existence. The Inuit understood that they had to work in harmony with supernatural powers to provide the necessities of day-to-day life. Before the 1940s, Inuit had minimal contact with Europeans, who passed through on their way to hunt whales or trade furs but seldom had any interest in settling down on the frozen land of the Arctic. So the Inuit had the place to themselves. They moved between summer and winter camps to always be living where there were animals to hunt.But that changed. As World War II ended and the Cold War began, the Arctic became a place where countries that did not get along were close to each other. The Arctic had always been seen as inaccessible, but the invention of aircraft made it easier for non-Arctic dwellers to get there. As new airbases and radar stations were built in the Arctic to monitor rival nations, permanent settlements were developed around them, including schools and health care centres. In many places, Inuit children were required to attend schools that emphasized non-native traditions. With better health care, the Inuit population grew too large to sustain itself solely by hunting.[citation needed] Many Inuit from smaller camps moved into permanent settlements because there was access to jobs and food. In many areas[where?] Inuit were required to live in towns by the 1960s.
When food is not sufficient, the elderly are the least likely to survive. In the extreme case offamine, the Inuit fully understood that, if there was to be any hope of obtaining more food, a hunter was necessarily the one to feed on whatever food was left. However, a common response to desperate conditions and the threat of starvation was infanticide.[96][97] A mother abandoned an infant in hopes that someone less desperate might find and adopt the child before the cold or animals killed it. The belief that the Inuit regularly resorted to infanticide may be due in part to studies done by Asen Balikci,[98] Milton Freeman[99] and David Riches[100] among the Netsilik, along with the trial of Kikkik.[101][102] Other recent research has noted that "While there is little disagreement that there were examples of infanticide in Inuit communities, it is presently not known the depth and breadth of these incidents. The research is neither complete nor conclusive to allow for a determination of whether infanticide was a rare or a widely practiced event." [103]Anthropologists believed that Inuit cultures routinely killed children born with physical defects because of the demands of the extreme climate. These views were changed by late 20th century discoveries of burials at an archaeological site. Between 1982 and 1994, a storm with high winds caused ocean waves to erode part of the bluffs near Barrow, Alaska, and a body was discovered to have been washed out of the mud. Unfortunately the storm claimed the body, which was not recovered. But examination of the eroded bank indicated that an ancient house, perhaps with other remains, was likely to be claimed by the next storm. The site, known as the "Ukkuqsi archaeological site", was excavated. Several frozen bodies (now known as the "frozen family") were recovered, autopsies were performed, and they were re-interred as the first burials in the then-new Imaiqsaun Cemetery south of Barrow.[104] Years later another body was washed out of the bluff. It was a female child, approximately 9 years old, who had clearly been born with acongenital birth defect.[105] This child had never been able to walk, but must have been cared for by family throughout her life.[106] She was the best preserved body ever recovered in Alaska, and radiocarbon dating of grave goods and of a strand of her hair all place her back to about AD 1200.[106]During the 19th century, the Western Arctic suffered a population decline of close to 90%, resulting from exposure to new diseases, including tuberculosis, measles, influenza, andsmallpox. Autopsies near Greenland reveal that, more commonly pneumonia, kidney diseases,trichinosis, malnutrition, and degenerative disorders may have contributed to mass deaths among different Inuit tribes. The Inuit believed that the causes of the disease were of a spiritual origin.[107]
Traditional law
Inuit traditional laws are anthropologically different from Western law concepts. Customary lawwas thought non-existent in Inuit society before the introduction of the Canadian legal system.Hoebel, in 1954, concluded that only 'rudimentary law' existed amongst the Inuit. Indeed, prior to about 1970, it is impossible to find even one reference to a Western observer who was aware that any form of governance existed among any Inuit,[108] however, there was a set way of doing things that had to be followed:maligait refers to what has to be followedpiqujait refers to what has to be donetirigusuusiit refers to what has to be avoidedIf an individual's actions went against the tirigusuusiit, maligait or piqujait, the angakkuq(shaman) might have to intervene, lest the consequences be dire to the individual or the community.[109]
Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule culture,[13] who emerged from western Alaska, after crossing the land bridge from Asia also called Beringia, around CE 1000 and spread eastwards across the Arctic.[14] They displaced the related Dorset culture, the last major Paleo-Eskimo culture (in Inuktitut, called the Tuniit).[15] Inuit legends speak of the Tuniit as "giants", people who were taller and stronger than the Inuit.[16] Less frequently, the legends refer to the Dorset as "dwarfs".[17] Researchers believe that the Dorset culture lacked dogs, larger weapons and other technologies that gave the expanding Inuit society an advantage.[18] By 1300, the Inuit had settled in west Greenland, and they moved into east Greenland over the following century.[19]Faced with population pressures from the Thule and other surrounding groups, such as theAlgonquian and Siouan to the south, the Tuniit gradually receded.[20] They were thought to have become completely extinct as a people by about 1400 or 1500.But, in the mid-1950s, researcher Henry B. Collins determined that, based on the ruins found atNative Point, the Sadlermiut were likely the last remnants of the Dorset culture.[21] The Sadlermiut population survived up until winter 1902–03, when exposure to new infectious diseases brought by contact with Europeans led to their extinction as a people.[22] More recently, mitochondrial DNA research has supported the theory of continuity between the Tuniit and the Sadlermiut.[23][24] It also has provided evidence that a population displacement did not occur within the Aleutian Islands between the Dorset and Thule transition.[25] In contrast to other Tuniit populations, the Aleut and Sadlermiut benefited from both geographical isolation and their ability to adopt certain Thule technologies.In Canada and Greenland, Inuit circulated almost exclusively north of the "Arctic tree line", the effective southern border of Inuit society. The most southern "officially recognized" Inuit community in the world is Rigolet[26] in Nunatsiavut. South of Nunatsiavut, the descendants of the southern Labrador Inuit in NunatuKavut continued their traditional transhumant semi-nomadic way of life until the mid-1900s. The Nunatukavummuit were usually spread out among islands and bays and therefore did not establish stationary communities. In other areas south of the tree line, Native American cultures were well established. The culture and technology of Inuit society that served so well in the Arctic were not suited to subarctic regions, so they did not displace their southern neighbors.Inuit had trade relations with more southern cultures; boundary disputes were common and gave rise to aggressive actions. Warfare was not uncommon among those Inuit groups with sufficient population density. Inuit such as the Nunatamiut (Uummarmiut) who inhabited the Mackenzie River delta area often engaged in warfare. The more sparsely settled Inuit in the Central Arctic, however, did so less often.Their first European contact was with the Vikings who settled in Greenland and explored the eastern Canadian coast. The Norse sagas recorded meeting skrælingar, probably an undifferentiated label for all the native Americans whom the Norse encountered, whether Tuniit, Inuit, or Beothuk.[27]After about 1350, the climate grew colder during the period known as the Little Ice Age. During this period, Alaskan natives were able to continue their whaling activities, but Inuit were forced to abandon their hunting and whaling sites in the high Arctic as bowhead whales disappeared fromCanada and Greenland.[28] These Inuit then had to subsist on a much poorer diet in addition to losing access to essential raw materials for their tools and architecture previously derived from whaling.[28]The changing climate forced Inuit to work their way south, forcing them into marginal niches along the edges of the tree line. These were areas which Native Americans had not occupied or where they were weak enough for coexistence with Inuit. Researchers have difficulty defining when Inuit stopped territorial expansion. There is evidence that they were still moving into new territory in southern Labrador when they first began to interact with Europeans in the 17th century.
Inupiat baleen basket, with an ivory handle, made by Kinguktuk (1871–1941) ofBarrow, Alaska. Polar bear handle on weaved basket.
The Inuit have traditionally been fishers and hunters. They still hunt whales (esp. bowhead whale), walrus, caribou, seal,The Narwhal, polar bears, muskoxen, birds, and at times other less commonly eaten animals such as the Arctic Fox. The typical Inuit diet is high in protein and very high in fat – in their traditional diets, Inuit consumed an average of 75% of their daily energy intake from fat.[54] While it is not possible to cultivate plants for food in the
Arctic, the Inuit have traditionally gathered those that are naturally available. Grasses, tubers, roots, stems, berries, and seaweed (kuanniq or edible seaweed) were collected and preserved depending on the season and the location.[55][56][57][58][59] There is a vast array of different hunting technologiesthat the Inuit used to gather their food.
Inuit call them Tuniit, archeologists call them Dorset, and the legend of the large but extremely shy race of people has dominated Inuit mythology for generations."These Tuniit, they're nice people and they're big people, but if someone talks about them or if you say bad words to them, they'll come after you or tell you to leave," Avalak said."I'm not much of a Tuniit (expert) myself, so that's a story I heard."While Inuit stories clearly state the Tuniit and Inuit existed in the same place at the same time, archeologists were not so sure, University of Toronto archaeologist Max Friesen said."A huge and controversial and sort of major issue in the whole Arctic past is whether the two actually did meet," Friesen said.Now, Friesen and his team have used radiocarbon dating to prove to the scientific community what Inuit say they have known all along -- that the Tuniit and Inuit may have crossed paths as they existed during the same time in history.While archaeologists knew the Tuniit lived in the Arctic from about 2500 BC, the new radiocarbon data shows they existed in the Cambridge Bay area until around 1350 AD.Thule Inuit, the ancestors of modern Inuit, moved into what is now the Canadian Arctic from Alaska around 1200 AD, Friesen said. The earliest Thule Inuit site near Cambridge Bay was also occupied until about 1350 AD."We have absolute proof that they did overlap and meet," he said.Friesen has been partnering with the Kitikmeot Heritage Society to perform archaeological research at Ikaluktuuq and other sites in and around Cambridge Bay since 1999. Each summer, the research team spends a few days out on the land with elders hearing traditional stories about the area.Friesen said elders had a variety of stories about the Tuniit."It usually revolves around Tuniit, these earlier people, being very large and strong but also quite shy and reluctant to interact," he said. "Often, it ends up with either some kind of a conflict or with the Tuniit simply leaving because they're worried about interacting or what have you."He said Tuniit behaviour in the stories often changed depending on where elders were originally from."They had stories that had both versions, some with Inuit and Tuniit getting along peacefully for a while and others indicating conflict between them," he said.In 2000, Friesen interviewed elder Frank Analok about the Tuniit."It is said that Tuniit were afraid of the ordinary people and would run away when encountered," Analok said. "Even though the ordinary people did not threaten them they would run away. It is said that the Inuit wanted to have a closer look at them, but couldn't."Friesen said whether Inuit and Tuniit actually interacted is another mystery he and his team are hoping to solve. There is still very little evidence that proves the two groups were in direct contact with each other, he said."One of the things we do want to do is go back to some of these sites that gave us the very late Tuniit dates and also the very early Inuit dates to try to find more evidence and see if we can actually find evidence of interaction," he said."For example, a Tuniit house with Inuit artifacts in it showing they lived together or that they traded or something like that. It's not certain that we'd find that, but we're going to take a look anyway."Inuit legend already knows the answer to that question, Akavak said. Inuit and Tuniit intermarried, which is why Inuit today vary in height."That's how come some of our people are tall," she said. "That's how come some people are big, because of that.
Slanted Asian featured Inuits coexisted with larger Thule/Dorset Eskimos from Viking-Greenland.
. For instance, the Thule engaged in seal-hole hunting, which was not known from their culture in Alaska. The Dorset extensively used this hunting technique, likely a form of technology that they could teach the Thule.Further, the speed and direction of the Thule migration may imply Dorset-Thule connections. The Thule made an almost direct migration from Alaska, across the continent through foreign lands all the way to Greenland, in the span of a few centuries. For the Thule to have accomplished this, they likely required directions and assistance, which the Dorset may have provided. The details of Thule/Dorset interactions are mostly unknown and generate questions: did the Thule carry new diseases, how much direct conflict was there between the two peoples, and what was the nature of their social interactions?Much can be inferred from Inuit legends, archaeology and the genetic studies mentioned above. The Thule were a strong people with a history of warfare, and they had better weapons than the Dorset. The process of "driving off" the Dorset, which is recounted in their legends, would likely have involved direct conflict. As there was almost no interbreeding between them, social interactions did not appear to go much beyond trading. Although archaeological evidence indicates that the Dorset were in steep decline when the Thule arrived,[citation needed] conflicts with the Inuit would have hastened that decline.
The Sadlermiut
Main article: SadlermiutThe Sadlermiut were a people living in near isolation mainly on and around Coats Island, Walrus Island, and Southampton Island in Hudson Bay up until 1902-1903. Encounters with Europeans and exposure to infectious disease caused the deaths of the last people. Scholars believe they were the last remnants of the Dorset culture, as they had a culture and dialect distinct from the mainland Inuit. In addition, recent mitochondrial DNA research has shown that the Sadlermiut were directly related to the Tuniit.[2]
Evidence supports the idea that the Thule (and also the Dorset, but to a lesser degree) were in contact with the Vikings, who had reached the shores of Canada in the 11th century. In Viking sources, these peoples are called the Skræling. Some Thule migrated southward, in the "Second Expansion" or "Second Phase". By the 13th or 14th century, the Thule had occupied an area currently inhabited by the Central Inuit, and by the 15th century, the Thule replaced the Dorset culture. Intensified contacts with Europeans began in the 18th century. Compounded by the already disruptive effects of the "Little Ice Age" (1650–1850), the Thule communities broke apart, and the people were henceforward known as the Eskimo and, later, Inuit.
The Thule (/ˈtuːliː/ or /ˈθjuːl/)[1] or proto-Inuit were the ancestors of all modern Inuit. They developed in coastal Alaska by AD 1000 and expanded eastwards across Canada, reachingGreenland by the 13th century.[2] In the process, they replaced people of the earlier Dorset culturethat had previously inhabited the region. The appellation "Thule" originates from the location ofThule (relocated and renamed Qaanaaq in 1953) in northwest Greenland, facing Canada, where the archaeological remains of the people were first found at Comer's Midden. The links between the Thule and the Inuit are biological, cultural, and linguistic.
The French fur company Révillon Frères and the Hudson's Bay Company each opened trading posts in 1905 and 1907, respectively, on a site located east of today's settlement. This settlement was along a traditional dogsled route used by Inuit to travel between Kuujjuaq and Kangirsuk. However, both posts had been closed by 1935 without any village ever having developed around them.In the 1950s, when the federal government opened a school in Kuujjuaq and started deliveringsocial services, many Inuit congregated around the emerging village. The wildlife resources of Kuujjuaq, however, were scarce and many Inuit were forced to rely on governmental financial aid. In 1963, the Northern Quebec directorate of the provincial government, hoping to remedy in part this problem, decided to create a new village on the south shore of Leaf Lake where wildlife resources were more plentiful.In 1966, with the project about to start, the Inuit families which would relocate were divided as to where their future village should be built. A choice had to be made between a site known as Qaamanialuk Paanga and the site of the old trading posts. Qaamanialuk Paanga was finally selected because it was easily accessible by boats used for summer hunting and fishing, nearby Finger River provided the necessary drinking water, and there was room to construct a landing strip. The new village was subsequently given the name Tasiujaq. The main reason the old trading post site was not selected as the site for the new village was its foreshore (tide land) was dotted with large boulders, and access by boat in summer would have been difficult. In 1971, once the community was organized, a cooperative store was established independently by residents, and is now associated with the Federation of Co-operatives of Northern Quebec.Tasiujaq has low tide harbour five kilometres north of the village, on Rowe Island.[5] The Tasiujaq Airport is located few kilometres south of the village. Tasiujaq is the final destination for thecanoeists paddling down Leaf River.[5][6][7]
While the Cree have hunted and fished along the Hudson Bay coast long before the arrival of Europeans, it was not until 1820 when a Hudson's Bay Company trading post was built here,[4]known variously as Great Whale River House, Great Whale River or just Great Whale. On maps of 1851 and 1854, the post is called Whale River House and Whale House.[5] Protestant and Catholic missions settled there in the 1880s. In 1895, a weather station was set up by the Federal Government. Medical and police services began to be offered in the first half of the 20th century.[4] Yet the Cree would not settle here permanently and only used it as a summer encampment.Not until 1940 did the Cree give up their nomadic way of life when the American army opened a military air base here, using Inuit and Cree workers.[5] In 1941, the HBC post closed. After the World War II in 1948, the military base was transferred to the Canadian government. And in 1955, it began operating a Mid-Canada Line radar station.[4] Though the radar station was not operational for long and closed in 1965, it established the village permanently.In 1961, when the Quebec Government decided to give French names to northern settlements, the name Great Whale River was replaced with Grande-Baleine which itself was replaced a year later with Poste-de-la-Baleine.[6] In 1979, the Cree Village Municipality, identified asWhapmagoostoo, was established. The Cree village itself was officially named Whapmagoostui in 1986, from then on replacing all other toponyms.[5]
Nunavik is rich in mineral deposits.Raglan Mines, situated near Salluit, is one of the largest. It is linked by all-weather roads to an airstrip at Kattiniq/Donaldson Airport and to the concentrate, storage and ship-loading facilities at Deception Bay. Production began at the mine in 1997. The current mine life is estimated at more than 30 years.[citation needed]Because the site is situated in the subarctic permafrost region, it requires unique construction and mining techniques to protect the fragile permafrost and to address other environmental issues. The average annual temperature is -10°C with an average ambient temperature underground of -15°C.[citation needed]There are plans to increase production at a new mine in Raglan South. A major investment is planned in the next quarter as many companies are planning to bid.[citation needed]
Nunavik (Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕕᒃ) comprises the northern third of the province of Quebec, Canada. Covering a land area of 443,684.71 km² (171,307.62 sq mi) north of the 55th parallel, it is the homeland of the Inuit of Quebec. Almost all of the 12 090 inhabitants (2011 census) of the region, of whom 90% are Inuit,[1] live in fourteen northern villages on the coast of Nunavik and in the Cree reserved land (TC) of Whapmagoostui, near the northern village of Kuujjuarapik.Nunavik means "great land" in the local dialect of Inuktitut and the Inuit inhabitants of the region call themselves Nunavimmiut. Until 1912, the region was part of the District of Ungava of theNorthwest Territories.Negotiations for regional autonomy are ongoing, and it is possible that Nunavik will become an autonomous region within the province of Quebec, with outstanding land claims resolved.[2][3]The seat of government would be Kuujjuaq.[4] However, in a 2011 referendum about 70% of Nunavik voters rejected a proposed agreement to create a Nunavik regional government.[5
]http://www.nunavik-tourism.com/Wildlife.aspx
http://www.nunavik-tourism.com/Wildlife.aspx
Artic Quebec-Greenland is the home of Inuit-Eskimos.
Seaweed as eatery came from Inuit-Canadian-Greenland Native Aboriginal People.
Since time untold, marine mammals have been essential to Inuit life. Not only are they an important source of food, the pelts, bones, ivory and blubber of these animals were also traditionally used for tools, clothing, heating oil, shelters and boats. The species of marine mammals so important to the Inuit are ringed seal (natsiq), bearded seal (ujjuk), walrus (aiviq) and beluga (qilalugaq).The majestic polar bear (nanuk) is an important symbol of the Arctic that is also classified by Inuit as a marine mammal. Except for Inuit hunters and killer whales, polar bears have very few enemies. Traditionally, the tracking and hunting of a first polar bear marked a young Inuk passage to adulthood.Inuit have many uses for the wildlife they harvest. For example, seal fat continues to be aged and eaten as a condiment (misiraq). In days gone by, it was transformed into heating oil, an essential source of heat and light during long, cold winter nights. Sealskins are also still a prized material for making warm and water-repellent boots, mittens and other garments. Traditionally, sealskins were also used to make avataq (buoys used for the hunting of marine mammals) and puurtaaq (sacs for the storage of meat and oil).As for walruses, their skins were once used for building boats, shelters and many types of accessories. Inuit artists use the animal’s ivory tusks for carving, especially jewellery.Finally, like seals and walruses, belugas are primarily a source of food for Inuit. Not only is the meat eaten dried (nikku), frozen-raw and cooked, but the thick skin (mattaq) is a delicacy, which happens to be rich in vitamin C. Beluga meat and fat is still used today to make igunaq andmisiraq. Beluga skin was traditionally used for footwear, boat covers and dog whips.
Korean folktale of bear hibernating in the cave eating garlic to gain human form
May have roots to Inuit Quebec -Greenland Eskimos' Polar bears ; given Russia's Alaska
Territory bridged passage between North American Continent to Asian-Russian Continent.
Canadian Inuit may also speak Québécois French.
Canadian inuits were once called eskimos.
The arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small foxnative to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and is common throughout the Arctic tundra biome.[1][3] It is well adapted to living in cold environments. It has a deep thick fur which is brown in summer and white in winter. It averages in size at about 85.3 cm (33.6 in) in body length, with a generally rounded body shape to minimize the escape of body heat.They prey on any small animals they can find, including lemmings, voles, ringed seal pups, fish,seabirds, and bird eggs. They will also eat carrion, berries, and seaweed. They formmonogamous pairs during the breeding season and usually stay together in family groups of multiple generations in complex underground dens.
At one time in the ancient times; Asian Inuits crossed over to Canada through the Russian territorial Alaskan bridge connecting Asia to Canada-North American continent.
Inuit are the descendants of what anthropologists call the Thule culture,[13] who emerged from western Alaska, after crossing the land bridge from Asia also called Beringia, around CE 1000 and spread eastwards across the Arctic.[14] They displaced the related Dorset culture, the last major Paleo-Eskimo culture (in Inuktitut, called the Tuniit).[15] Inuit legends speak of the Tuniit as "giants", people who were taller and stronger than the Inuit.[16] Less frequently, the legends refer to the Dorset as "dwarfs".[17] Researchers believe that the Dorset culture lacked dogs, larger weapons and other technologies that gave the expanding Inuit society an advantage.[18] By 1300, the Inuit had settled in west Greenland, and they moved into east Greenland over the following century.[19]Faced with population pressures from the Thule and other surrounding groups, such as theAlgonquian and Siouan to the south, the Tuniit gradually receded.[20] They were thought to have become completely extinct as a people by about 1400 or 1500.But, in the mid-1950s, researcher Henry B. Collins determined that, based on the ruins found atNative Point, the Sadlermiut were likely the last remnants of the Dorset culture.[21] The Sadlermiut population survived up until winter 1902–03, when exposure to new infectious diseases brought by contact with Europeans led to their extinction as a people.[22] More recently, mitochondrial DNA research has supported the theory of continuity between the Tuniit and the Sadlermiut.[23][24] It also has provided evidence that a population displacement did not occur within the Aleutian Islands between the Dorset and Thule transition.[25] In contrast to other Tuniit populations, the Aleut and Sadlermiut benefited from both geographical isolation and their ability to adopt certain Thule technologies.In Canada and Greenland, Inuit circulated almost exclusively north of the "Arctic tree line", the effective southern border of Inuit society. The most southern "officially recognized" Inuit community in the world is Rigolet[26] in Nunatsiavut. South of Nunatsiavut, the descendants of the southern Labrador Inuit in NunatuKavut continued their traditional transhumant semi-nomadic way of life until the mid-1900s. The Nunatukavummuit were usually spread out among islands and bays and therefore did not establish stationary communities. In other areas south of the tree line, Native American cultures were well established. The culture and technology of Inuit society that served so well in the Arctic were not suited to subarctic regions, so they did not displace their southern neighbors.Inuit had trade relations with more southern cultures; boundary disputes were common and gave rise to aggressive actions. Warfare was not uncommon among those Inuit groups with sufficient population density. Inuit such as the Nunatamiut (Uummarmiut) who inhabited the Mackenzie River delta area often engaged in warfare. The more sparsely settled Inuit in the Central Arctic, however, did so less often.Their first European contact was with the Vikings who settled in Greenland and explored the eastern Canadian coast. The Norse sagas recorded meeting skrælingar, probably an undifferentiated label for all the native Americans whom the Norse encountered, whether Tuniit, Inuit, or Beothuk.[27]After about 1350, the climate grew colder during the period known as the Little Ice Age. During this period, Alaskan natives were able to continue their whaling activities, but Inuit were forced to abandon their hunting and whaling sites in the high Arctic as bowhead whales disappeared fromCanada and Greenland.[28] These Inuit then had to subsist on a much poorer diet in addition to losing access to essential raw materials for their tools and architecture previously derived from whaling.[28]The changing climate forced Inuit to work their way south, forcing them into marginal niches along the edges of the tree line. These were areas which Native Americans had not occupied or where they were weak enough for coexistence with Inuit. Researchers have difficulty defining when Inuit stopped territorial expansion. There is evidence that they were still moving into new territory in southern Labrador when they first began to interact with Europeans in the 17th century.
Inuit natives spoke French/Engkish/Danish.
LanguagesInuit languages, Danish, English, French, and various othersReligionChristianity, Inuit religionRelated ethnic groupsAleut and Yupik peoples[4]The Inuit (pronounced /ˈɪnuːɪt/ or /ˈɪnjuːɪt/; Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "People") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, and the United States.[5] Inuit is a plural noun; the singular is Inuk. The Inuit languages are classified in theEskimo-Aleut family.[6]In the United States, the term "Eskimo" was commonly used to describe Inuit, and other Arctic peoples, because it includes both of Alaska's Yupik and Iñupiat peoples while "Inuit" is not proper or accepted as a term for the Yupik. No collective term exists for both peoples other than "Eskimo."[7] However, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Greenland view the name as pejorative, so "Inuit" has become more common.[8][9] In Canada, sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 named the "Inuit" as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis.[10]The Inuit live throughout most of the Canadian Arctic and subarctic in the territory of Nunavut; "Nunavik" in the northern third of Quebec; "Nunatsiavut" and "NunatuKavut" in Labrador; and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean. These areas are known in Inuktitut as the "Inuit Nunangat".[11][12] In the United States, Inupiat live on the North Slope in Alaska and on Little Diomede Island. The Greenlandic Inuit are the descendants of migrations from Canada and are citizens of Denmark, although not of the European Union.
LanguagesInuit languages, Danish, English, French, and various othersReligionChristianity, Inuit religionRelated ethnic groupsAleut and Yupik peoples[4]The Inuit (pronounced /ˈɪnuːɪt/ or /ˈɪnjuːɪt/; Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "People") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, and the United States.[5] Inuit is a plural noun; the singular is Inuk. The Inuit languages are classified in theEskimo-Aleut family.[6]In the United States, the term "Eskimo" was commonly used to describe Inuit, and other Arctic peoples, because it includes both of Alaska's Yupik and Iñupiat peoples while "Inuit" is not proper or accepted as a term for the Yupik. No collective term exists for both peoples other than "Eskimo."[7] However, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Greenland view the name as pejorative, so "Inuit" has become more common.[8][9] In Canada, sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 named the "Inuit" as a distinctive group of Aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis.[10]The Inuit live throughout most of the Canadian Arctic and subarctic in the territory of Nunavut; "Nunavik" in the northern third of Quebec; "Nunatsiavut" and "NunatuKavut" in Labrador; and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean. These areas are known in Inuktitut as the "Inuit Nunangat".[11][12] In the United States, Inupiat live on the North Slope in Alaska and on Little Diomede Island. The Greenlandic Inuit are the descendants of migrations from Canada and are citizens of Denmark, although not of the European Union.
Inuit natives who were coined as believers of "animalism"- nature;
Inuit Eskimos have kinship to Burma minorities of Manchu-Jurechen-Koreans
That reigned Vietnam before French stoled Vietnam from Manchu-Jurechen Koreans.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_people
Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June 1945 in Rangoon (now named Yangon).[25] Her father,Aung San, founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burma's independence from theBritish Empire in 1947; he was assassinated by his rivals in the same year. She grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi, and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo, in Rangoon. Aung San Lin died at the age of eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake on the grounds of the house.[20]Her elder brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States citizen.[20] After Aung San Lin's death, the family moved to a house by Inya Lake where Suu Kyi met people of very different backgrounds, political views and religions.[26] She was educated in Methodist English High School (now Basic Education High School No. 1 Dagon) for much of her childhood in Burma, where she was noted as having a talent for learning languages.[27] She is a TheravadaBuddhist.
Aung San Suu Kyi MP AC (Burmese: အောင်ဆန်းစုကြည်; MLCTS: aung hcan: cu. krany, /aʊŋˌsæn.suːˈtʃiː/,[2]Burmese pronunciation: [àʊɴ sʰáɴ sṵ tɕì]; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and chairperson of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in Burma. In the 1990 general election, the NLD won 59% of the national votes and 81% (392 of 485) of the seats in Parliament.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest in Burma for almost 15 of the 21 years from 20 July 1989 until her most recent release on 13 November 2010,[10] becoming one of the world's most prominent political prisoners.[11]Suu Kyi received the Rafto Prize and the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought in 1990 and theNobel Peace Prize in 1991. In 1992 she was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding by the government of India and the International Simón Bolívar Prizefrom the government of Venezuela. In 2007, the Government of Canada made her an honorary citizen of that country,[12] the fourth person ever to receive the honour.[13] In 2011, she was awarded the Wallenberg Medal.[14] On 19 September 2012, Aung San Suu Kyi was also presented with the Congressional Gold Medal, which is, along with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in the United States.[15]On 1 April 2012, her party, the National League for Democracy, announced that she was elected to the Pyithu Hluttaw, the lower house of the Burmese parliament, representing the constituencyof Kawhmu;[16] her party also won 43 of the 45 vacant seats in the lower house.[17] The election results were confirmed by the official electoral commission the following day.[18]On 6 June 2013, Suu Kyi announced on the World Economic Forum’s website that she wants to run for the presidency in Myanmar's 2015 elections.[19]
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi
Here is Korean-Manchu Jurechen descendent in Burma
Father and Burma native mother being parents of
Mix Korean-Manchu descendents in Burma; Aung San Suu Kyi.
Not all of Burma colony mirror Korean Manchu roots; however, it is undeniable that Mongol invasion of Burma mingled Manchu Koreans entering Burma.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_name
The Burmese roofed turtle (Batagur trivittata) is a species of turtle in the Geoemydidae family.[1]It is endemic to Burma, but was believed to be extinct until rediscovered in 2002.[3] It remains very rare in the wild, but a conservation project has been successful and several hundred are now kept at the Yadanabon Zoological Gardens in Mandalay and a turtle conservation center in Lawkananda Park, Bagan.[3]An individual was seen in 2007 in Qingping Market in Guangzhou, China.[4]
Korean General Yi of Turtle shaped ship has roots to Burma Turtles native to Burma.
The Burmese roofed turtle (Batagur trivittata) is a species of turtle in the Geoemydidae family.[1]It is endemic to Burma, but was believed to be extinct until rediscovered in 2002.[3] It remains very rare in the wild, but a conservation project has been successful and several hundred are now kept at the Yadanabon Zoological Gardens in Mandalay and a turtle conservation center in Lawkananda Park, Bagan.[3]An individual was seen in 2007 in Qingping Market in Guangzhou, China.[4]
Forests, including dense tropical growth and valuable teak in lower Burma, cover over 49% of the country, including areas of acacia, bamboo, ironwood andmichelia champaca. Coconut and betel palm and rubber have been introduced. In the highlands of the north, oak, pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land.[292] Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest acreage and wildlife habitat.[293] The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of mangroves although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared. In much of central Burma (the Dry Zone), vegetation is sparse and stunted.Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Burma. In upper Burma, there are rhinoceros, wild buffalo, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes and tapirs. The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species, including parrots, peafowl, pheasants, crows, herons, and paddybirds. Among reptile species there are crocodiles, geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons, and turtles. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources.[294
Burma is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. In 2011, its GDP stood at US$53.14 billion and was estimated to be growing at an annual rate of 5.5%.[22]
Burma-Tibet native bats are referred to as "flying fox"; to which
Korean folklore mentions these night creatures as
Buddhist-Korean-haunted-female-that transforms into blood sucking
-nine tailed fox with flying powers!
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma
Pagoda derived from Burma culture west of Manchu-controlled-Vietnam
That French stoled Vietnam as British stoled Burma territories west of Vietnam.
Burma (i/ˈbɜrmə/ bur-mə), officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, commonly shortened to Myanmar (i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑr/ myahn-mar,[6] /ˈmaɪænmɑr/ or /ˈmjænmɑr/),[7][8][9][10] is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by China, Thailand, India, Laos and Bangladesh. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Its population of over 60 million makes it the world's 24th most populous country[1] and, at 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi), it is the world's 40th largest country and the second largest in Southeast Asia.Early civilizations in Burma included the Tibeto-Burman speaking Pyu in Upper Burma and theMon in Lower Burma.[11] In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, theBurmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period,Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia.[12] The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma and briefly controlled Manipur andAssam as well. The British conquered Burma after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony (a part of India until 1937 and then a separately administered colony). Burma became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup in 1962, a military dictatorship which formally ended in 2011.
The Rohingya people (Ruáingga /ɹuájŋɡa/, Burmese: ရိုဟင်ဂျာ rui hang gya /ɹòhɪ̀ɴɡjà/, Bengali: রোহিঙ্গাRohingga /ɹohiŋɡa/) are an ethnic group who practice Islam and speak Rohingya, an Indo-European language of the Eastern Indic branch, closely related to Chittagonian and more distantly to Bengali. The origin of this group of people is disputed with some saying they are indigenous to the state of Rakhine (also known as Arakan, or Rohang in the Rohingya language) in Burma and others contending that they are Muslim migrants who originated in Bengal, latterlyBangladesh,[10][11] and migrated to Burma during the period of British rule.The Rohingya are linguistically related to the Indo-Aryan peoples of India and Bangladesh (as opposed to the mainly Sino-Tibetan languages of Burma). As of 2012, 800,000 Rohingya live in Burma. According to the United Nations, they are one of the most persecuted minorities in the world.[12] Many Rohingya have fled to ghettos and refugee camps in neighbouring Bangladesh, and to areas along the Thai-Burma border. More than 100,000 Rohingya in Burma continue to live in camps for internally displaced persons, forbidden by authorities from leaving. [13][14] The Rohingya have been in the news in the wake of the 2012 Rakhine State riots.[15][16]
http://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/b%C3%A1t
Bowl in Manchu territory of Vietnam before French stole Vietnam from Manchu.
Manchu territory of Vietnam word for 'bowl '
Is 'baht'; it is Thailand currency as Hungarian language
Has influenced Thailand/ Czech word for 'fear'/ Tibet Rohingya language
Vocab meaning 'rice'.
Ideogrammic compound (會意): 缶 (“pot”) + 本 (“basic”) – a basic (humble) pot.
Pictogram (象形) – a bell (cast metal) with bumps.Also simplified from 缶 in some characters, such as 鉢 (from 缽).
金 (radical 167 金+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 金 (C), four-corner 80109)gold (Au)metals in generalmoney, material wealth, precious stones/gemstone/jewels &/or mineralsused as a surname (in China and Korea)
Derived terms
Index:Chinese radical/金
釒 (Manchu territory of Vietnamese last name; thực,Korean last name; kim)
Jiankang Shilu (建康實錄, Jiànkāng Shílù), coined the term "Six Dynasties"
Phono-semantic compound (形聲): semantic 釒 (“metal”) + phonetic 彔
Han character
錄; Korean pronunciations as; Rohk, Nohk, Yuh.
(radical 167 金+8, 16 strokes, cangjie input 金女弓水 (CVNE), four-corner 87132)copy, write down, record
Descendants
录, 録
Sino-Korean word from 實施, from 實 (“actuality”) and 施 (“transferring”)
京釜 (경부, Gyeongbu)
Before the Eastern Jin the city was known as Jianye (建業 Jiànyè), and the capital of the kingdom of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Renamed Jiankang in 313 CE, it served as the capital of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties. It rivaled Luoyang in terms of population and commerce and at its height in the sixth century was home to around one million people. During the rebellion of Hou Jing, Jiankang was captured in 549 CE after a year-long siege that devastated the city, with most of the population killed or starved to death. During the Sui Dynasty national reunification it was almost completely destroyed, and was renamed Jiangzhou (蔣州) and then Danyang Jun (丹陽 郡). At the time of the Tang Dynasty it again became prosperous and the name became Jinling (金陵). By the Five
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankang
Jiankang was renamed as Nanjing (nan meaning south / Jing meaning capitalnof Joseon-Shilla descendents of Kyoungsahndo Providence).
Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period it was called Jiangning (江寧); in the Southern Song Dynasty the name of Jiankang was revived. Eventually it was renamed Nanjing (南京) during the Ming Dynasty.
Nanjing in Korean is pronunciated as; "Nahm: meaning South" and
"Kyoung: meaning capital of what later would be Joseon descendents of Shilla established in Kyoungsahngdoe Providence".
Jiankang (Chinese: 建康城; pinyin: Jiànkāng chéng) was the capital city of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420 CE) and Southern Dynasties. Its walls are extant ruins in the modernmunicipal region of Nanjing.
Even in the 500AC period of assasination-cruelty reign of Sui Dynasty -Monarchy; Nanjing is mentioned as an important site. NOTE that throughout destruction of China-Manchu Jurechen Korean ruling; French-British feud over Saigon / Vietnam territorial control for silk and opium led to Nanjing massacres. Each Nanjing massacre throughout Chinese history resulted in change of power that took control over Chinese providences!!!
3] Besides employing Xianbei and other Chinese ethnic groups for the fight against Chen, Emperor Wen also employed the service of aborigines from southeastern Sichuan, a people that Sui had recently conquered.[3]In 588 CE, the Sui had amassed 518,000 troops along the northern bank of the Yangtze River, stretching from Sichuan to the Pacific Ocean.[4] Meanwhile, the Chen Dynasty was collapsing and could not withstand such an assault. By 589 CE, Sui troops entered Jiankang (Nanjing) and the last emperor of the southern Chen dynasty surrendered. The city was razed to the ground, while Sui troops escorted Chen nobles back north, where the northern aristocrats became fascinated with everything the south had to provide culturally and intellectually.Although Emperor Wen was famous for bankrupting the state treasury with warfare and construction projects, he made many improvements to infrastructure during his early reign. He established granaries as sources of food and as a means to regulate market prices from the taxation of crops, much like the earlier Han Dynasty.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_Dynasty
Sui dynasty that was short lived under three emperors link Manchu's Jurechen Qing Dynasty -Korean diaspora to much of northern Vietnam to Hainan Island to bulk of Chinese territories in mainland China!
Sui Dynasty explains Korean roots to Hainan Island and Han Chinese diaspora.
-Manchu Jurechen Koreans of Qing Dynasty actually rescued oppression during Sui Dynasty; Surname Li came from Sui Dynasty's LiLiao seperating into Li / Liao clan.
Sui dynasty was short lived under three emperors.
They refer to themselves as the Hlai people, but they are sometimes colloquially known as "Sai" or "Say", and during the Sui Dynasty they were known by the name Liliao
The Sui dynasty's early demise was attributed to the government's tyrannical demands on the people, who bore the crushing burden of taxes and compulsory labor. These resources were overstrained by the completion of the Grand Canal, a monumental engineering feat,[2] and in the undertaking of other construction projects, including the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Weakened by costly and disastrous military campaigns againstGoguryeo (in modern day Korea) which ended with the defeat of Sui in the early seventh century, the dynasty disintegrated through a combination of popular revolts, disloyalty, and assassination.
The Li ethnic minority lives mainly in the Li and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, in the centre and south of Hainan Province, with a small number of them mixed with the Han people. They had been a branch of the ancient Baiyue groups who had a close relationship with such present ethnic minorities as Buyi, Dong, Dai, Shui and Zhuang. According to historical records, they have been on Hainan Island for over three thousand years. Li is derived from their pronunciation of 'mountains'. Today they have a large population of 1,247,814. Language:Their language, with diverse dialects, belongs to the Zhuang-Dong group of the Sino-Tibetan phylum. Because of long association with the Han people, some of the Li can also speak Chinese. In 1957, they created the written form of their language based on Roman script. Economy:They live basically on agriculture, together with handicrafts, breeding industries and commerce. In their subtropical area, rice can be ripe and harvested three times a year; they turn their proximity to the sea to their advantage, fishing and breeding fish, and establishing a thriving salt industry. Religion:They believe all things have spirits and in some places, there are still relics of totem adoration; they all respect seniors and ancestors, and during festivals, they will go to them to pray for peace and harvest. Owing to the spread of Christianity, some of Li have taken to this religion. Food:The staple food is rice, corn and sweet potatoes, and sometimes they enjoy the fruit of hunting. One of distinctive meals is the bamboo pole rice that is similar to the Dai's and is wonderful for picnics. It has been said that all the families can smell the fragrance from the bamboo pole rice cooked in one house. The Li people like to chew betel nuts which are considered to be a tonic food with the functions of curing disease and beautifying. So this is women's favorate snack. Xiang, another kind of Li flavor, is associated with special meals when there are honored guests. Crafts:Embroidery skills are their pride. As early as the Tang (618 - 907) and Song (960 - 1279) Dynasties, their skill has preceded the Han people's. After the processes of spinning, dying, broidering and weaving, silk comes out to be gorgeous and delicate. Besides that, the Li have a tradition of dainty and delicate wood-craft. In both styles of a traditional Li house, one in the shape of a ship, the other of a pyramid, the weaving of bamboo vines is an indispensable adornment. Festivals:Most of the Li festivals are akin to those of the Han people, with their traditional ones as of the Spring Festival and 'Sanyuesan'.Before the Spring Festival, all the families prepare sumptuous dinners, brew wine and cook Dengye, a kind of cake. It can be stored for a time and after that, it turns to be hard and tenacious. If you cut it into slices and then fry or bake it, then it will take on quite another flavor. On New Year's Eve, the Li will worship ancestors; the following days, they visit and greet each other as well as sing and dance.Sanyuesan, in Chinese, refers to the third day of the third month when this is celebrated. The elders are honored and visited by other people with yellow wine, cured vegetables and cakes; young people go out hunting and fishing and in the evening, they sing face to face, in traditional flowery clothes, and worship ancestors. This is also a wonderful time to express love to those persons who are dear to one's heart. Other Customs:The Li women comb their hair into a bun with metal or bone hairpins. During festivals, they wear bracelets, ear rings, necklaces, and foot rings. The practice of tattooing girls which prevailed in ancient times is now mostly discontinued.When children grow into their teens, they are expected to move from their parents' house. Boys build their own houses, and girls will be under the authority of their parents. Usually these rooms are smaller than the ones they lived before. This is also the place where the youth find their lover.They, like other ethnic minorities, are good at singing and dancing. Their dances arise mainly from their work in the field, pestling the rice, and worshiping ancestors, and so on. Among these, the Bamboo Pole dance.
The Li play a traditional wind instrument called kǒuxiāo (口箫),[5] and another called lìlāluó (利拉罗).; bamboo flute.
Hlai has several dialects, some perhaps divergent enough to be considered separate languages. According to Ethnologue, the main divisions are Ha 哈 (the prestige dialect), Qi aka Gei 杞, Meifuaka Moifau 美孚, and Bendi aka Zwn, in addition to Jiamao aka Kamau 加茂, which is not mutually intelligible with the others. Norquest (2007) gives a different classification.
Jiamao is one of the Hlai languages of the Li people. In the 1980s it was spoken by 50,000 people in central and south-central Hainan Island, mostly in Jiamao Township (加茂镇), Baoting County(保亭县). It shares less than half of its lexicon with standard Hlai.[2] Graham Thurgood has suggested that Jiamao was originally a non-Hlai (possibly Austroasiatic) language.There are four Jiamao dialects.[3][4]
Hlai (Chinese: 黎语) is one of two languages of the Hlai or Li people, the other being Jiamao. It is spoken by 600,000 people (not counting Jiamao), a quarter of them monolingual, in the mountains of central and south-central Hainan Island.
Hlai are of Li and CunEthnicity:Li peopleGeographicdistribution:China (Hainan Island)
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Hlai_language
Hlai 黎语 (descended from Proto-Hlai, which is from Pre-Hlai) – 800,000 (incl. Cun)Bouhin (Heitu 黑土) – 73,000Greater HlaiHa Em (Zhongsha 中沙) – 193,000Central HlaiEast Central Hlai – 344,000Lauhut (Baoding 保定) – 166,000Qi – 178,000Tongzha (Tongshi 通什) – 125,000Zandui (Qiandui 堑对) – 29,000Baoting 保亭 – 24,000North Central Hlai – 136,500Northwest Central Hlai – 62,500Cun (Ngan Fon, Gelong 仡隆) – 60,000Nadou (Dongfang 东方) – 2,500Northeast Central Hlai – 74,000Meifu – 30,000Changjiang 昌江Moyfaw (Xifang 西方)Run – 44,000Baisha 白沙 – 36,000Yuanmen 元门 – 8,000
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlai_languages
Korean President Rhee during 1950-1953 USA and allies of Jap genocide napalm destruction of Korea is native of "Li" clan speaking Hlai language of Hainan Island that resisted French colonization that stoled Manchu territory of Vietnam and Southern Chinese ports that controlled Hainan Islanders route access to mainland China.
Qiongshan District (Chinese Postal Map Romanisation: Kiungshan; simplified Chinese: 琼山区;traditional Chinese: 瓊山區; pinyin: Qióngshān Qū; also Wade-Giles: Ch'iungshan), formerlyQiongzhou (Chinese Postal Map Romanisation: Kiungchow; simplified Chinese: 琼州; traditional Chinese: 瓊州; pinyin: Qióngzhōu), is one of the four county-level districts which make up the city of Haikou, the capital of Hainan province of the People's Republic of China.The Qiongshan dialect of Lingao is spoken in Qiongshan.Hai Rui, a Ming Dynasty official, after who Hai Rui Park is named, was from Qiongshan. Chen Yuyi, Chairman of CPPCC Hainan Provincial Committee, was born in Qiongshan in 1936.Qiongzhou University is located in this district.
Kwangchowan was leased by China to France, according to the Treaty of 12 April 1898, on 27 May as Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan, to counter the growing commercial power of BritishHong Kong.[5] Their colony was described as "commercially unimportant but strategically located"; most of France's energies went into their administration of French Indochina, and their main concern in China was the protection of Roman Catholic missionaries, rather than the promotion of trade.[1] Kwangchowan was effectively placed under the authority of the FrenchResident Superior in Tonkin (itself under the Governor General of French Indochina, also in Hanoi); the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators.[6]Kouang-Tchéou-Wan pavilion at the Marseille Colonial ExhibitionPost and Telegraph building in Po Teou, Kouang-Tchéou-Wan.In addition to the territory acquired, France was given the right to connect the bay by railway with the city and harbour situated on the west side of the peninsula; however, when they attempted to take possession of the land to build the railway, forces of the provincial government offered armed resistance. As a result, France demanded and obtained exclusive mining rights in the three adjoining prefectures. The population in 1911 was recorded as 189,000.[2] The return of the leased territory to China was promised by France at the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922 but this plan was in fact never realised.[7]By 1931, the population of Kwangchowan had reached 206,000, giving the colony a population density of 245 persons per km²; virtually all were Chinese, and only 266 French citizens and four other Europeans were recorded as living there.[3] Industries included shipping and coal mining.[6]The port was also popular with smugglers; prior to the 1928 cancellation of the American ban on export of commercial airplanes, Kuangchowan was also used as a stop for Cantonese smugglers transporting military aircraft purchased in Manila to China,[8] and US records mention at least one drug smuggler who picked up opium and Chinese emigrants to be smuggled into the United States from there.[9]
World War II
After the fall of Paris in 1940, the Republic of China recognised the London-exiled Free French government as Kwanchowan's legitimate authority and established diplomatic relations with them; from June 1940 until February 1943, the colony remained under the administration of Free France.[4] This is an interesting fact bearing in mind that Kwangchowan had been governed from French Indochina, and that the authorities there were loyal to the Vichy Régime. The explanation may lie in the fact that Kwanchowan was totally surrounded by Free China and that the Japanese did not occupy that part of the China coast.Colonial militia with French officers.During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, Kwangchowan was often used as a stopover on an escape route for civilians fleeing Hong Kong and trying to make their way to Free China;Patrick Yu, a prominent trial lawyer, recalled in his memoirs how a Japanese civilian in Hong Kong helped him to escape in this way.[10] However, the escape route would not remain open for long; in collaboration with German-controlled Vichy France, which relinquished the concession to the Japanese-sponsored Chinese National Government (another claimant to the succession of the former Chinese Empire), the Imperial Japanese Army, would invade and occupy the area in February 1943.[4]Just prior to the Japanese surrender which ended World War II, the National Revolutionary Army, having recaptured Liuzhou, Guilin, and Taizhou, as well as Lashio and Mandalay in Burma, was planning to launch a large-scale assault on Kwangchowan; however, due to the end of the war, the assault never materialised.[11] The French lease over Guangzhouwan would soon be terminated regardless, under an agreement concluded on February 28, 1946. In exchange for a withdrawal of Chinese forces from northern Vietnam, the French not only returned Kwangchowan to the Nationalist government, but also gave up extraterritorial rights in Shanghai, Hankou, and Guangzhou, sold the Yunnan Rail Line to China, and agreed to provide special treatment forethnic Chinese in Vietnam and Chinese goods exported to Vietnam.[12] After the handover, theZhanjiang City Government was formally established to administer the city.[
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwangchowan
Once territories ( vietnam and southern tip of China) of Manchu-jurechen Koreans were stolen by French.
Vietnam and southern tips of China near
Hainan Island was colonized and exploited by French!
Hainan Island was never controlled by French that stole vietnam and southern Chinese ports giving Hainan Islanders access to mainland China; but after 1910-1953 destruction of Manchu-jurechen Koreans followed by Saighon conflicts ; Hainan Island in modern day are influenced by French.
Shopping street in Bo'ai Lu area (French colonial district)Haikou is situated on the north coast of Hainan Island, by Haikou Bay, facing the Leizhou Peninsula across the Qiongzhou Strait that stretches west from Beibu Bay near Vietnam to theJames Shoal bordering the South China Sea to the west. Most of the city is almost completely flat and only a few metres above sea level. It has an area of 2,304.84 square kilometres (889.90 sq mi).[citation needed][1]
Hainan Island native Hai Rui who was killed in Nanking was descendent of ancestor Chinese married to Arab; Islam accepted by Hainan Island native Hai Rui of Ming Dynasty whose ally was Manchu-Koreans of Jurechen people made Zionist jew carry out genocide of Manchu-Koreans as well as Hainan Island natives thru Nanjing Massacre of 1932.
BornJanuary 23, 1514Qiongshan, Hainan, ChinaDiedNovember 13, 1587 (aged 73)Nanjing, Jiangsu, ChinaResting placeHaikou, Hainan, ChinaNationalityChineseOccupationGovernment officialHai Rui (Hai Jui; 23 January 1514 – 13 November 1587) was a Chinese official of the Ming Dynasty. In China he has been remembered as a model of honesty and integrity in office. A play based on his career, Hai Rui Dismissed from Office, gained political importance in the 1960s, during the Cultural Revolution.
Hai Rui of King Dynasty that was ally of Qing Dynasty's Jurechen people of Manchu-Korea was born in Hainan Island and MURDERED in Nanking!!!!
Hai Rui, whose great-grandfather married an Arab and subsequently adopted Islam, was born inQiongshan, Hainan, where he was raised by his mother (also from a Muslim, or Hui, family).[citation needed] Hai took the official examinations but was unsuccessful, and his official career only began in 1553, when he was 39, with a humble position as clerk of education inFujian. He gained a reputation for his uncompromising adherence to upright morality, scrupulous honesty, poverty, and fairness. This won him widespread popular support but made him many enemies in the bureaucracy. Eventually he submitted a memorial impeaching the Jiajing Emperorhimself in 1565 and was sentenced to death in 1566. He was released after the Emperor died in early 1567. Hai Rui was reappointed under the Longqing Emperor but soon forced to resign in 1570 after complaints were made over his overzealous handling of land-tenure issues. He then spent 15 years in retirement in Hainan before being finally brought back to the Empire's "auxiliary capital" of Nanjing, in 1585, to serve under the Wanli Emperor. Hai Rui died in office two years later.
Hainan is a sister province of Jeju-do island-province of South Korea.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Rui
Aside from humans (genus Homo), the macaques are the most widespread primate genus, ranging from Japan to Afghanistan and, in the case of the barbary macaque, to North Africa. Twenty-two macaque species are currently recognised, including some of the monkeys best known to nonzoologists, such as the rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta, and the barbary macaque, M. sylvanus, a colony of which lives on the Rock of Gibraltar. Although several species lack tails, and their common names therefore refer to them as apes, these are true monkeys, with no greater relationship to the true apes than any other Old World monkeys.In some species, skin folds join the second through fifth toes, almost reaching the firstmetatarsal joint.[3Nearly all (73-100%) pet and captive macaques are carriers of the herpes B virus. This virus is harmless to macaques, but infections of humans, while rare, are potentially fatal, a risk that makes macaques unsuitable as pets.[6]A 2005 University of Toronto study showed urban performing macaques also carried simian foamy virus, suggesting they could be involved in the species-to-species jump of similar retroviruses to humans.[7] Macaques-ape-monkies have tails.
The Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) has the broadest geographic distribution of all small Asian felids. These cats are found from southern India to the islands of the Sunda Shelf and north to the Russian Far East (the Leopard Cat is one of only a handful of felid species that can be found on islands in East Asia and the only one to occur even on several small islands; Watanabe 2009). Leopard Cats are the only wild felids occurring in Japan or the Philippines. Leopard Cats are found in a wide range of forest types from lowland tropical evergreen rainforest and rubber and oil palm plantations at sea level to moist temperate broadleaf and dry coniferous forests in the Himalayas at 3000 m. They also do well in successional habitats, shrub forests, and farmlands and on coastal islands. They are generally absent from cold steppe grasslands or arid areas. Their small feet are not well suited for moving in deep snow and they consequently avoid areas where snow depth exceeds 10 cm.Leopard Cats feed on a variety of small prey, including rodents, reptiles, birds, amphibians, crabs, and insects. They are excellent swimmers and captive animals spend a lot of time playing in the water.
The Hainan Partridge (Arborophila ardens) is a species of bird in the Phasianidae family. It isendemic to Hainan Island, China. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowlandforests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Cephalotaxus hainanensis is a species of plum-yew confined to the island of Hainan, southernChina, where it can grow 15–20 metres (50–70 ft) tall. It is possibly a synonym of Cephalotaxus mannii.[2]C. hainanensis has antileukemia activity and is widely used in China.[3] Exploitation of the bark and leaves (needles) as well as logging are a potential threat to this species that is widespread on Hainan.[1]
Hainan Gymnure, also known as the Hainan Moonrat, is a species of mammal.Hainan Partridge is a species of bird endemic to Hainan Island.Hainan Peacock-pheasant, an endangered species belonging to the PhasianidaeHainan black crested gibbon is one of the world's most endangered primates. Seacology, a non-profit organization in Berkeley, California, United States, initiated a project to protect the highly endangered Hainan Gibbon in exchange for scholarships for the children of four villages near Bawangling Reserve.Hainan Hare is a species of hare endemic to HainanA subspecies of the Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis alleni) is endemic to HainanHainan Leaf-warbler (Phylloscopus hainanus), species of Old World warbler, a bird in thePhylloscopidae family.
Hainan Yellow Lantern Chili is a pepper similar to the scotch bonnet.Hainan White Pine, a species of tree.Cephalotaxus hainanensis is a species of plum-yew
Korean heritage, territorial rights, writing, and ancestry have been destroyed and distorted from 1910 to 1953 by Meiji Japs and USA allies.
Before 1910 destructions in Manchu-Korea; much of Korean ancestry kept ancestral connections thru its traditional eatery, icons, and customs.
Before 1910 destruction of Manchu-Korea;
- Siberian tigers link Koreans to eastern russian territories of Nanai people.
-Siberian cranes link Koreans and its Chinese-Russian allies/ancestors that coexisted.
-Hainan Island resting south of China and east of Vietnam links Korean ancestors to Chili native of Hainans.
- Hainan Island white pine trees give insight to cranes and deers that one sees from Korean art. Pine trees, cranes, and deers native to Hainan Island are so integrated in Korean ancetral art.
- Hainan Island native peacock-phasants withbits colorful feathers are part of traditional Korean Wedding decoratives.
-Hainan Island native hares are depicted in Korean ancestors favoring hares-rabbits as a symbolic of one's intelligence.
-Hainan native leaf-warbler in Korea has represented good luck while bad-luck-associate-crows represent Europeans that bombarded Manchu-Korea.
-Hainan Gibbons without tails that look like skim monkeys have represented many tales of monkey-Buddha-cartoon character in Korea.
-Hainan native partridge are not colorful as peacocks but are also symbolically present in traditional Korean Wedding cutoms.
-Hainan and Russian leopard cats came to represent 'deceitful-backstabbing-two faced" Jap personality that plague Korean victims.
- Traditionally, Korean ancestors preferred Siberian Tigers while disliking leopard-cats that represented connyving-two faced-japs.
The city, Shanghai, was also the center of national and international opium smuggling during the 1920s. "The Great World" was a place where opium, prostitution and gambling came together.[citation needed] The Green Gang (Qing Bang) became a major influence in the Shanghai International Settlement, with the Commissioner of the Shanghai Municipal Police reporting that corruption associated with the trade had affected a large proportion of his force. An extensive crackdown in 1925 simply displaced the focus of the trade to the neighboring French Concession.Meanwhile, traditional division of society by native place associations was falling apart. The new working classes were not prepared to listen to the bosses of the same native place associations during the 1910s. Resentment against the foreign presence in Shanghai rose among both the entrepreneurs and the workers of Shanghai.[citation needed] In 1919, protests by the May Fourth Movement against the Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of a new group of philosophers likeChen Duxiu and Hu Shi who challenged Chinese traditionalism with new ideologies. Books likeNew Youth disseminated the new school of thought, while crime and warlord banditry convinced many that the existing government was largely ineffective.[citation needed] In this atmosphere, theCommunist Party of China was founded in Shanghai in 1921.
Shanghai was known as "The Paris of the East, the New York of the West".[5] Shanghai was made a special city in 1927, and a municipality[clarification needed] in May 1930. The city's industrial and financial power increased, because the merchants were in control of the city,[citation needed] while the rest of China was divided among warlords.Artistically, Shanghai became the hub for three new art forms: Chinese cinema,[citation needed]Chinese animation,[citation needed] and Chinese popular music.[citation needed] Other forms of entertainment included Lianhuanhua comic books.[citation needed]The architectural style at the time was modeled after British and American design.[citation needed]Many of the grandest-scale buildings on The Bund – such as Shanghai Club, the Asia Buildingand the HSBC building – were constructed or renovated at this time. The city created a distinct image that separated it from all other Chinese cities that had come before it.
The city, Shenghai, was thus divided between its more European western half and the more traditionally Chinese eastern half.[citation needed] New inventions like electricity and trams were quickly introduced,[citation needed] and westerners helped transform Shanghai into a metropolis. British and American businessmen made a great deal of money in trade and finance, and Germans used Shanghai as a base for investing in China.[citation needed] Shanghai accounted for half of the imports and exports of China.[citation needed] The western part of Shanghai was four times larger than the Chinese part in the early 20th century.[contradictory]
In 1832, the British East India Company explored Shanghai and the Yangzi River as a potential trading center for tea, silk, and opium, but was rebuffed by local officials. The British then forced the Chinese to import British opium (which it produced in British India) by waging the First Opium War between 1839 and 1842. The Qing military forces that proved no match for the British. The war finally ended with the Treaty of Nanjing and Shanghai was one of five Chinese cities to be opened up to British consuls, merchants, and their families. Soon merchants from France, the USA, Germany and other foreign powers began to move into Shanghai, carving out for themselves sovereign "concessions" where they were not subject to Chinese laws. The British established their concession in 1845, the Americans in 1848 in Hongkou, north of Suzhou Creek, and the French set up their concession in 1849 west of the old Chinese city and south of the British Concession. In 1846, Peter Richards founded Richards' Hotel, the first western hotel in China. It would later become the Astor House. In 1850, the first English-language newspaper in Shanghai, the North China Herald, was launched.The Taiping Rebellion was the largest of a number of widespread rebellions against the hugely unpopular Qing regime. In 1853, Shanghai was occupied by a triad offshoot of the rebels called the Small Swords Society. The fighting devastated much of the countryside but left the foreign settlements untouched.[citation needed]阮 (hangeul 완, 원cangjie input 弓中一一山 (NLMMU), four-corner 71211)ancient musical instrument (moon-shaped lute
Many White Russians fled to Shanghai after the 1917 Revolution – about 25,000 remained by the 1930s. These Shanghai Russians were poorly regarded, as their general poverty led them to take jobs considered unsuitable for Europeans, including prostitution.[4]
In 197 BC, Au Lac Kingdom was annexed by Han aggressors, which ushered in an over 1000-year Chinese domination. By the middle of the 5th century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, the Chinese rulers set up a new district called Tong Binh, which later became a province, including two districts Nghia Hoai and Tuy Ninh in the south of the Red River (now Tu Liem and Hoai Duc districts) with a metropolis (the domination centre) in the present inner Hanoi. By the year 679, the Tang dynasty (replacing the Sui dynasty) changed the country’s name into An Nam (Pacified South), with Tong Binh as its capital. [4]
Old Chinese, Manchu, before 1910 Korean History and Writing.
장張 bowyer
Chō / j or ch/ ng/ ah was a dot on left
弓尸一女
阮 (hangeul 완, 원
왕 ㅇㄱ, ㅏ
Ō
王
李리
Ri
Plum
From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế, the imperial capital of Vietnam during the Nguyen dynasty (1802-1945), but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Việt Nam, and it became the capital of a reunified Vietnam in 1976, after the North's victory in the Vietnam War.
For the historical record; KOREAN ANCESTORS FROM MANCHU CHINA WENT TO VIETNAM. AFTER THE FALL OF MONGOLIANS, KOREANS IN VIETNAM FLED BACK TO NORTHERN KOREAN PENINSULA.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empire
One recent incident involved a Korean Empire émigré descendant donating a very rare 100-plus-year-old original passport issued by the Korean Empire to South Korean president Roh Moo-hyun during his visit to Hawaii.The original lyrics are:Original Korean withhanja addedRomanisation (Yale)EnglishModern Korean translation샹ー뎨(上帝)는 우리 나ー라를 도으ー소셔영원(永遠) 무궁(無窮)토ー록나라 태평(太平)ᄒᆞ고 인민(人民)은 안락(安樂)ᄒᆞ야위권(威權)이 셰상(世上)에 ᄯᅥᆯ치ー여독립(獨立) 자유(自由) 부강(富强)을 일 신(日新)케 ᄒᆞᆸ소셔샹뎨(上帝)는 우리 나ー라를 도으ー소ー셔syā:ngtyeynun wuli na:la lul twou:swosyeyēngwen mwukwung thwo:lwoknala thayphyeng hokwo inmin un an.lak hoyawikwen i syēys(y?)ang ey stelchi:yetwok.lip ca.ywu pwūkang ul ilq sin khyey hopswosyesyā:ngtyeynun wuli na:la lul twou:swo:syeGod help our nationMay our country be peaceful foreverMay its people live comfortablyMay our influence and power reach across the worldMay independence, freedom and prosperity be renewed every dayGod help our nation하늘이시여, 우리 나라를 도우소서영원 무궁토록 나라 태평하고인민은 안락하여위세와 권력이 세상에 떨치여독립 자유 부강을 매일 새롭게 하소서하늘이시여, 우리 나라를 도우소서In the romanisation, ‹:› indicates length marks for singing that appear in the source; ˉ marks vowels that would have been pronounced as long vowels when not singing. While the copy appearing in the source used for this article ([1]) appears markedly newer than the 1900s and calls the anthem “Joseon national anthem” (죠션 국가) instead of “Patriotic song of the Korean Empire” (大韓帝國愛國歌) as one would expect from a 1900s copy, it clearly shows pre-1933 orthography (reproduced in this article) that was not used after the 1940s.http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Empire_Aegukga
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_language#Manchu_consonants
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen_script
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurchen_people
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese
Qing Dynasty of Manchu China was established by Jurchen People of Korean Ancestors that allied Han People of Old China destroed starting 1910.
Before 1910 Jap
Meiji funded by Kobe,Jap occupied Zionist Jews.of 1860s;
Even back in 1550s French Jew Merchants and British Jew merchants attacked Manchu territories of Qing Dynasty reigned by Jurchen Koreans.
It is crucial to educate modern descendents of Manchu-Jurchen writing as well as Old Chinese Characters to recover altered Korean Writing so that Korean-Chinese heritage is continued.
Constant Russian encroachment of Chinese territories as well as Jews using bribed Japs acting on French-British territorial monopoly of Asia led to 1910-1953 USA jew financed and Jap controlling Zionist at Kobe, Jap settlement
Through History Lessons be corrected for future generations of victimized Koreans and Chinese.
http://education.qld.gov.au/parents/school-life/child-safety-curriculum.html
6.11.13
Saturday;Koreans must be literate of Old Chinese Characters+Manchu of Jurchen people from Qing Dynasty before 1910 in order to recover distorted Koren Heritage and original Korean Writing that Jap-Russia-French-British-USA Zionist Jew Merchants destroyed between 1910-1953! Abacus and Child Safety Curriculum
